哈尔滨旅游大全 | 全国特价酒店 | 旅游线路查询
» 您尚未 登录   注册 | 摄影展区 | 搜索 | 银行 | 朋友圈 | 勋章中心 | 道具中心 | 万年历 | 无图版
  快速导航:     首页   哈尔滨旅游   驴友天地   出游宝典   地图大全   全国景点   English Corner   Coming To China   旅游英语期刊   新手必读   驴友Q群

出行旅游论坛,哈尔滨旅游,旅游笔记,驴友攻略,英语论坛 -> Learning Exchanges -> 金融英语词汇及金融知识讲座 转到静态网页
 电信   网通   XML   RSS 2.0   WAP 

  • 任何省份和城市,4000多家酒店,深受广大驴友欢迎!
  • 预订流程:1.查看 2.选择入住和离店日期 3.预订 4.稍候接收手机短信或Email确认 5.入住时在酒店前台付款

  • --> 本页主题: 金融英语词汇及金融知识讲座 加为IE收藏 | 收藏主题 | 上一主题 | 下一主题
      版主:  goodday    实习版主:潇湘晨子  龙脊之旅  ず笨笨小妖あ  冰雪  南方小q  兜兜菲  零度飞扬  dahainan  快乐时光妞子  楠楠   【申请版主】
    Nice

    优秀斑竹奖
    该用户目前不在线
    级别: 论坛版主
    精华: 7
    发帖: 463
    威望: -6 点
    虚拟D-币: 3264 D-币
    贡献值: 0 点
    好评度: 186 点
    注册时间:2007-10-07
    最后登录:2007-12-22
    查看作者资料 发送短消息 推荐此帖 引用回复这个帖子

    金融英语词汇及金融知识讲座





    这是旺旺英语论坛一套材料,合计24讲。
    原讲解人员:椰林夕照
    收集整理人员:spoiltcat
    所有的成果属于旺旺英语论坛
    金融世界

    第一讲   货币的历史和基本功能 2
    第二讲 货币的三种特性 6
    第三讲 名义货币与信用货币 8
    第四讲 货币的供应量 10
    第五讲 经济体系与市场 13
    第六讲 价格及价格的功能 16
    第七讲 生产和经济活动的效率 19
    第八讲 浮动汇率制 22
    第九讲 澳大利亚的全国竞争政策 25
    第十讲 繁荣与萧条 28
    第十一讲 凯恩斯理论与政府对经济的管理 31
    第十二讲 对凯恩斯理论的不同看法 34
    第十三讲 货币的价格 37
    第十四讲 浮动汇率与固定汇率 41
    第十五讲 央行干预市场的利与弊 44
    第十六讲 央行的功能与职责 48
    第十七讲 中央银行角色的变化 51
    第十八讲 经济全球化(一) 54
    第十九讲 经济全球化(二) 56
    第二十讲 国基组织和世贸组织(一) 59
    第二十一讲 国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织(二) 62
    第二十二讲 国基组织与世贸组织 (三) 65
    第二十三讲 亚洲金融危机 (一) 68
    第二十四讲 亚洲金融风暴 (二) 70


    哈尔滨住宿大全:
    星级酒店 宾馆 商务会馆 家庭旅馆 招待所 洗浴住宿 旅社等

    天天旅游
    [楼 主] | Posted: 2006-10-17 19:28 顶端
    Nice

    优秀斑竹奖
    该用户目前不在线
    级别: 论坛版主
    精华: 7
    发帖: 463
    威望: -6 点
    虚拟D-币: 3264 D-币
    贡献值: 0 点
    好评度: 186 点
    注册时间:2007-10-07
    最后登录:2007-12-22
    查看作者资料 发送短消息 推荐此帖 引用回复这个帖子



    第一讲   货币的历史和基本功能
    二十四集教学节目金融世界为您介绍金融与货币的基本知识,同时结合内容为您讲解金融英语,第一集为您讲解货币产生与发展的历史,以及货币的基本功能。
    经济是现代社会生活的重要组成部分,每天的新闻报道中都充满了有关预算赤字、股票风波、经济上扬或衰退的消息。但是,货币、市场和经济到底是什么?全球或地区的经济究竟是如何运作的?政府的政策又会如何影响到一个国家的经济状况呢?
    现代人的衣食住行都离不开钱,也就是货币。
    一个澳大利亚人要买些苹果和香蕉,售货员告诉他要付多少钱。
    那么货币是怎样发展到今天的形态并且几乎主宰了我们全部的生活呢?澳大利亚一位著名的财经记者卡鲁特别为我们介绍了货币的历史。
    卡鲁在她的介绍中说到这样几个词汇:
    1 Precious metal 贵重金属
    2 Sweating the money 从货币里提取贵重金属成分
    3 Holey dollar 有洞的钱币,这是十九世纪在澳大利亚新南威尔士州流通的货币,因为缺乏金属材料而将钱币穿洞
    4 Token 辅币,具有象征性的货币,代表的价值高于本身的价值
    5 Plastic note 塑料钞票
    6 Plastic card (塑料)信用卡,也叫 credit card
    下面我们逐段听一遍卡鲁的这段谈话:
    Money's got a very colorful history, because a number of things have been used in the place of what we use as money. Feathers, shells, cloth ...salt in Roman times when the Roman soldiers were paid in salt and that's how we get the word salary, from the Latin sale for salt.
    历史上的货币五花八门。古时候,羽毛、贝壳、布料甚至盐都曾是交换工具。古罗马士兵得到的军饷就是盐。盐这个词也是英文“工资”这个词的起源。拉丁文Sal的意思是盐,英文中工资Salary就是从它演变而来的。
    And a number of tribes used cattle, which were useful because they were transportable. But they were quite bulky and you weren't always sure of the size of cattle you were going to get, so there was a problem there of quality.
    还有一些部落以牲畜作为交换媒介。这很有用,因为牲畜可以运来运去。但是它们体积庞大,而且无法确切知道你将要得到的牲畜的大小,因此存在质量方面的问题。
    In the ninth century in China we had paper money for the first time. It wasn't quite the paper money that we know, it was more like a piece of paper saying a promise to pay.
    九世纪时在中国首次出现了纸币。这种纸币与我们现在使用的不同,更象是一种欠条。
    And then in the seventh century we had money in the form of precious metal. There was always a problem of making sure that the coin that you got had enough precious metal in it to give it a value. When things got tough, you often found some civilizations were quite good at what they called sweating the money, which was effectively taking out the precious metal content so that what you got actually wasn't what you thought you got.
    另外在七世纪时出现了贵重金属货币。但如何确切知道货币中有足够的贵重金属含量以使它具有相应的价值则一直是个问题。当时局艰难时,一些文明古国会从这种货币中提取贵重金属成份,使得货币已不再拥有你原来以为它拥有的价值。
    And we have a form of that here in Australia when we had the holey dollar ... when we had a coin with a hole in the middle because there was a shortage of metal.
    澳大利亚就曾有过一种这类的货币,一种中间有个洞的货币。这是由于当时缺乏铸币金属的缘故。
    And in those days, Spanish coins were used a lot. Sometimes stores used certain tokens because there was a shortage of actual coinage. And then there is money as we know it today in notes and coins - plastic notes.
    那时候西班牙硬币广为流通。有时商店里因为没有足够的硬币而使用一些代用币。后来就有了我们现在使用的纸钞、硬币,还有塑料钞票。
    And of course, if we were doing this program in a hundred years time we might talk about quaint little things called money, notes and coins, because all we'd be using would be plastic card.
    当然,如果我们在一百年之后再来制作这一节目,我们可能就会谈论一些奇特有趣的叫做钱、纸币或是硬币的小东西,因为到那时我们大概只使用塑料卡了。
    下面再请您完整收听一遍澳大利亚财经记者卡鲁关于货币历史的介绍。(略)
     
    接下来澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授解释了货币的三个基本功能:
    We look at the functions of money. Firstly it's a medium of exchange, so it's some commodity which facilitates the exchange of goods and services.
    It is also a unit of account, which means that we use money to reckon prices and reckon values for comparisons between goods and services or over time.
    And thirdly, money is a store of value. It is an asset. It's something that we can use to store value away to be retrieved at a later point in time. So we can not consume today, we can hold money instead - and transfer that consumption power to some point in the future.
    哈珀教授授说,货币的三个功能是:
    1 Medium of exchange 交换媒介
    2 Unit of account 计算单位
    3 Store of value 价值储存手段
    下面是哈珀教授讲话的中文翻译:
    首先货币是一种交换媒介,是帮助其他货物与服务进行交换的手段。其次它是一种计算单位,就是说我们用钱来测量货物、服务或时间之间的价格和价值的比较。第三它是价值存储手段,是一种资产。我们可以用它把价值储存起来,在以后的某个时刻再取回。这样我们不必现在就把它用掉,而是可以存着钱,把这种消费能力转移到将来的某个时刻。
    下面请再听一遍墨尔本大学商学院哈珀教授介绍的货币的三个功能。(略)
    最后我们复习一遍这一讲中出现的一些英文词汇:
    1 Precious metal 贵重金属
    2 Sweating the money 从钱币里提取贵重金属成分
    3 Token 辅币,具有象征性的货币,代表的价值高于本身的价值
    4 Plastic note 塑料钞票
    5 Plastic card 信用卡,也叫 credit card
    6 Medium of exchange 交换媒介
    7 Unit of account 计算单位
    8 Store of value 价值储存手段
    在这一讲中我们为您简单介绍了货币的历史和功能。在下一讲中我们要请专家谈谈货币的特性和名义货币.


    金融词汇介绍:每日5个(合计8000余个),方式:提供英文金融词汇,提供汉语释义,提供注解。原出处,恕不提供。

    1.Accommodation trade :联合交易
    注解:指当事人经由私下协议或安排,在市场上相互协助以操纵市场或从事不正当谋利。

    2.capital market:资本市场
    注解:1.又称长期资金市场,买卖中长期信用工具、实现较长时期资金融通的场所。金融市场的一个主要环节,泛指资金借贷期长于1年的市场。资金借贷期期限在1年或1年以下的称为货币市场(money market)。与货币市场相比,资本市场特点主要有:1融资期限长。至少在1年以上,也可以长达几十年,甚至无到期日。2流动性相对较差。在资本市场上筹集到的资金多用于解决中长期融资需求,故流动性和变现性相对较弱。3风险大而收益较高。由于融资期限较长,发生重大变故的可能性也大,市场价格容易波动,投资者需承受较大风险。同时,作为对风险的报酬,其收益也较高。在资本市场上,资金供应者主要是储蓄银行、保险公司、信托投资公司及各种基金和个人投资者;而资金需求方主要是企业、社会团体、政府机构等。其交易对象主要是中长期信用工具,如股票、债券等等。资本市场主要包括中长期信贷市场与证券市场。2.A market where debt or equity securities are traded.

    3.carte blanche :望金融高手给出准确定义
    注解:Permission to select any available choice in making a given decision.

    4.Indenture:债务条款
    注解:1.债务人发行债券证券时,在债务契约上所载明的关于此次负债的相关条款。内容一般有:债券种类、发行金额、抵押金额、抵押资产、偿债基金或赎回条款、公司营运资金及流动比率等。债务条款又称为信托条款(trust deed)。2.Issuer legal document which details the mechanics of the bond issuer, security features, covenants, events of default and other key features of the issue‘s legal structure. Bond resolutions and trust agreements are functionally similarly types of documents, and the use of each depends on the individual issue and issuer.

    5.reconveyance :望金融高手给出准确定义
    注解:The transferring of a title back to its previous owner.


    ----------------------------------------------

    第二讲 货币的三种特性 
    上一讲中我们谈了货币的历史和它的三种基本功能。这三种功能的英文是:
    1 Medium of exchange 交换媒介
    2 Unit of account 计算单位
    3 Store of value 价值储存手段
    现代货币除了这三种基本功能之外,还必须具备三种特性,也就是:
    1 portability 可携带性
    2 durability 持久性
    3 divisibility 可分性
    从历史上来看,有很多不同形式的货币都因为不能完全满足这三种特性的要求而逐步被淘汰,让位给新的符合这些特性要求的货币形式。澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授对此作了介绍。他说:
    In the earliest days, for example in ancient Babylon, measures of wheat were the money commodity. People would exchange other goods and services firstly by exchanging quantities of wheat. And eventually it was worked out by the Babylonian priests that they could hold the wheat in a central store and then simply keep records of who owned the wheat. And rather than physically moving the wheat around, eventually we had a primitive system - quite advanced by the terms of the day - of record keeping. We had ledgers.
    哈珀教授在谈话中提到这样一些词汇:
    1 money commodity 商品货币,实物货币
    2 primitive system of record keeping 原始簿记制度
    3 ledger 分户账
    下面我们分段听一下哈珀教授的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    古时候,比如在古巴比伦,小麦被当作实物货币使用。人们在交换其它货物和服务之前先要交换一定数量的小麦。
    后来巴比伦的祭司们发现,他们可以把小麦保存在一个中心仓库中,然后只需要记录下谁拥有这些小麦就可以了。
    这样就用不着把小麦搬来搬去了,于是我们就有了在当时条件下很先进的原始簿记制度,也就是分户账。
    下面我们再完整听一遍哈珀教授的这段谈话。(略)
    接下来,巴里克拉克解释了货币的持久性和可分性问题。他说:
    So even though the problem of portability was solved, a further one was still present, that of durability. Because wheat perishes over time, it's not a good store of value.
    What are good stores of value, of course, are precious metals such as gold and silver. It's not difficult to see why these became a form of money, but in their earliest forms, they were not easily divisible.
    You didn't always have the precise amount, or you couldn't get change. So divisibility is a key property of money.
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话以及中文翻译:(英文略)
    尽管可携带的问题解决了,进一步的问题仍然存在,也就是持久性的问题。因为小麦随着时间的推移会腐烂,它不是好的价值储存手段。
    好的价值储存手段当然是贵重金属,比如金银。因此很容易理解为什么它们会成为一种货币。但是在它们最初的形态,它们并不容易被分割。
    你不会总带有确切的钱数,或者你无法获得找零。因此可分性是货币的一个重要特性。
    下面我们完整听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    在这一讲中,我们介绍了货币的三种特性。这三种特性的英文是:
    1 portability 可携带性
    2 durability 持久性
    3 divisibility 可分性
    不过,随着我们走入了电子货币的时代,这些货币特性的定义也许又要重新改写。
    现在我们再复习一下这一讲涉及的另外一些英文词汇:
    1 money commodity 商品货币,实物货币
    2 primitive system of record keeping 原始簿记制度
    3 ledger 分户账





    第三讲 名义货币与信用货币
    人们在历史上曾经使用小麦或金银等贵重金属作为购买其它商品的交换媒介,也就是货币。这种交换媒介本身的内在价值相当于要交换的商品的价值。
    但现代形式的货币,不管是纸钞、硬币、还是电子货币,它们本身都与要交换的商品价值并不相等。一张五元或是五十元的纸币本身都只不过是印了彩色图案的纸片,甚至几分钟之内就能把千百万元转手的银行卡,本身也只不过是不值几文的塑料片。
    那么,为什么这些纸片和塑料卡深受人们的重视,成为人们生活中须臾不可离开的东西呢?这是因为它们本身虽然没有什么价值,但却代表了一定的价值。这也就是说,现代货币是一种名义货币。
    在这一讲中,我们就先谈谈“名义货币”,然后我们再来看一下“信用货币”。
    名义货币,也叫法定货币。英文是 Fiat money。 Fiat 是拉丁文,它的意思是法令、许可、批准。
    澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授对 Fiat money,也就是名义货币或法定货币,作了这样的解释:
    Fiat money has not only no particular value in use, it doesn't even really have a value in exchange except that which is decreed that it would have.
    名义货币不仅仅没有什么特别的价值,而且在商品的交换中它本身根本没有价值。它拥有的只是法律所赋予它的价值。
    So fiat money is money which is intrinsically worthless. And its value exists by virtue of the fact that it is generally acceptable. And fiat money, needless to say, is one of the most mysterious inventions of the human mind, and no economist has managed to explain exactly why it is that people will generally accept something as valuable when it clearly has no value other than that which it is decreed to have.
    因此,名义货币从它的本质来说实际上一钱不值。它的价值只在于它能够获得普遍的接受。毫无疑问,名义货币是人类最神奇的发明之一。任何经济学家都还无法确切解释,为什么人们能够把一种除了法定的价值外显然没有任何价值的东西作为宝贵的东西来普遍接受。
    简单概括来说,名义货币实际上是把货币形态象征化,也就是货币的实体与额面价值分离,货币代表的价值大于货币本身材料的价值。
    这也就是为什么每当出现了金融动荡的时候,人们就会纷纷把手里的钞票兑换成老式的、本身拥有价值的货币,比如金银等贵重金属。
    下面我们再完整听一遍哈珀教授谈话的原文。(略)
    我们刚才谈的是名义货币,也叫法定货币,英文是 Fiat money。
    现代社会中还有另外一种形态的货币,叫做 Credit money,信用货币。随着商品流通的发达,货币与商品交易有了时间的间隔,出现了所谓的延期交易,因而也就有了债权债务契约,也就是买卖当事人之间或借贷双方的信用关系。尽管信用货币这一形态早已在人类历史上出现,但只是在不久以前它才得到广泛的使用。
    信用货币也就是信用手段- credit instrument,或者说是一种当事人双方或多方都接受的信用安排。它包括用以取得信贷的文件、合同或支票、期票、借据等等。澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授解释说:
    A credit instrument is an obligation. And it's used as money because it has value. And the value that it has, of course, is a value which is based upon its credit-worthiness, in other words, how much credit or how much credence people give to the promise which is actually written down. What I'm receiving or using as an instrument for money purposes is somebody else's obligation. Their preparedness to do something for me which might be to give me fiat money. That could be the promise which is incorporated in the cheque or the bill of exchange.
    哈珀教授在他的讲话中说到了这样两个词汇:
    credit instrument 信用手段,信用安排
    credit - worthiness 信贷价值,信用声誉
    哈珀教授说, 信用手段是一种契约。它可以被当作货币使用是因为它也有价值。当然,它的价值是建立在它的信用声誉之上的。换句话说,也就是要看人们能够给予这些写成文字的保证多大程度的信任。我作为货币收取的票据文件是对方的一种债务契约,是保证他们准备为我做一些事,比如要支付给我法定货币。这种保证可能会以支票或汇票的方式来体现。
    下面我们再听一遍哈珀教授的这段讲话。(略)
    今天我们谈了名义货币和信用货币。现在我们把今天涉及的几个关键的英文词汇再复习一遍:
    1 fiat money 名义货币,法定货币
    2 credit money 信用货币
    3 credit instrument 信用手段,信用安排
    4 credit - worthiness 信贷价值,信用声誉


    ----------------------------------------------


    哈尔滨餐饮大全:
    美食广场 酒楼 餐馆 火锅店 烧烤店 海鲜 饺子 春饼 东北菜 西餐 亚洲料理 快餐 小吃 酒吧 咖啡屋 茶楼 啤酒坊 饮品店 其他

    天天旅游
    [1 楼] | Posted: 2006-10-17 19:30 顶端
    Nice

    优秀斑竹奖
    该用户目前不在线
    级别: 论坛版主
    精华: 7
    发帖: 463
    威望: -6 点
    虚拟D-币: 3264 D-币
    贡献值: 0 点
    好评度: 186 点
    注册时间:2007-10-07
    最后登录:2007-12-22
    查看作者资料 发送短消息 推荐此帖 引用回复这个帖子



    第四讲 货币的供应量
     
    要想对货币进行控制,就必须先要能够对它的量进行测定。经济学家用 Money 也就是“钱”这个英文词的开头字母“M”再加上几个阿拉伯数字来代表货币的供应量。
     
    在上一讲中我们为您介绍了“名义货币”fiat money、“信用货币”credit money、“信用手段”credit instrument、“信贷价值”credit worthiness。这一讲我们要谈谈货币的供应量和相关的一些词汇。
    要想对货币进行控制,就必须先要能够对它的量进行测定。经济学家用 Money 也就是“钱”这个英文词的开头字母“M”再加上几个阿拉伯数字来代表货币的供应量。
    M-0: 货币供应量0,也叫 Base money,最基本的货币供应量。指的是公众手中流通的货币。
    M-1: 货币供应量1,狭义货币供应量,包括流通货币、银行活期存款、支票帐户等。
    M-2: 货币供应量2,定义较宽些的货币,包括M1和银行的定期存款,但巨额定期存款不包括在内。
    M-3: 货币供应量3,广义货币供应量,国家货币供应总量。
    澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授说:
    An economist recognizes that there are different types of money and in attempting to measure the money supply, will try to add together as many of these as seems reasonable.
    经济学家承认有不同种类的货币。为了衡量货币的供应量,我们要尽可能多地把各种合乎情理的货币加在一起。
    So we start with base money and then we'll have what's called M-1, which includes cheque accounts, demand deposits of banks ... and then M-2 which will include some savings deposits, some time deposits.
    首先是基本货币供应量,其次是所谓的M-1,货币供应量之一,包括支票帐户、银行的活期存款等等。然后是M-2,货币供应量之二,包括一些活期储蓄帐户和定期存款。
    And you work your way up these different definitions of money all the time getting broader and broader, until you end up with what most central banks will refer to as broad money, which is the broadest definition that's including as wide a set of financial obligations as it's reasonable to consider would be related to the business of exchange.
    这样逐一来分析所有这些货币供应量的不同定义,它的范围就会越来越宽广,最后就是“广义货币 ”。这是定义最广泛的货币供应量,包括了所有能被认为是与商业交易活动有关的金融往来。
    下面我们再听一遍哈珀教授谈话。(略)
    值得一提的是,根据经济学家的统计,实际流通的货币量只占货币总供应量的百分之六到百分之七。那么,为什么货币供应量一直被看作是个重要的经济问题呢?这是因为它与社会的经济活动历来都有可以预测的联系。
    过去一个国家的政府可以为货币供应增长的比例制定出数量上的目标,以对经济进行某种控制。但现在有一系列的因素使得政府逐渐失去了对货币供应增长程度的控制。拿澳大利亚来说, 这些因素包括非银行金融系统的发展、一九八十年代初期开始的放松对金融系统的管制以及技术时代的来临等等。所有这些因素都使刚才提到的各种货币供应量的定义之间变得模糊不清。另外,人们也改变了使用货币的方式。
    澳洲广播电台金融节目主持人巴里克拉克对此进行了解释。在接下来我们要听的这段谈话中,他提到了这样一个英文缩写:
    EFTPOS,它的全称是 Electronic funds transfer at point of sale,销售现场电子转帐系统。
    EFTPOS, EFTPOS
    巴里克拉克说:
    Because traditionally the holding of cash meant foregoing interest, economists assume people minimize their cash-holding and prefer to hold deposits which earn interest.
    But the cost of holding deposits is the need to convert them into cash before they can be spent.
    由于传统上留存现金意味着利息的损失,经济学家假定人们都会尽可能少地留存现金,而把钱存在银行来获得利息。
    但是在出现销售现场电子转帐系统之前,为此要付出的代价是必须先要把存款变成现金才能用来购物。
    This is no longer necessary. Technology allows the use of savings account balances through EFTPOS without converting the balances into cash first. You simply use your card to make a purchase.
    Also, because building societies and credit unions paid higher interest rates than banks, people moved their deposits out of the banking system into what we refered to as broad money.
    这种情况现在已经改变。现代的技术使我们能够通过电子自动转帐购物系统来使用我们帐户上的存款,而不用先去把存款变成现金。只要用银行卡就可以直接购买东西。
    而且住房互助会和信用社付的利息比银行要高,因此人们把存款转移到了银行以外的地方,成为我们所说的“广义货币”。
    And so for these reasons the relationship that existed before between economic activity and M-3 has been broken down.
    由于这些原因,过去经济活动与货币供应总量之间曾经存在的关系就被打破了。
    但在另一方面,所有的经济学家都会同意,政府能够而且事实上影响着货币的价格,也就是利率。这也就是为什么一直存在着对政府这方面政策的推测。
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克讲话的全文。(略)
    在这一讲中我们介绍了这样几个词汇:
    1 M-0 货币供应量0,最基本货币供应量
    2 M-1 货币供应量1,狭义货币供应
    3 M-2 货币供应量2,定义较宽的货币供应量
    4 M-3 货币供应量3,广义货币供应量
    5 EFTOPS 电子自动转帐购物系统



    ----------------------------------------------

    第五讲 经济体系与市场
     
    这一讲我们要谈的话题是:Economic models and markets,经济体系与市场。
    一个国家的经济资源包括了土地、劳动力和资本。所有这些资源都是有限度的。投入生产某种产品的资源多,投入其它商品生产的资源相对来讲就少。如何才能合理分配这些资源,换句话说,采取什么样的经济生产模式,就是经济学家面对的基本课题。
    目前世界上有三种基本的经济模式。它们是:
    1 command or centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济
    2 market system or laissez-faire economy 市场自由放任式经济,政府不予干涉
    3 mixed economy 混合式经济,即中央计划经济与市场经济的组合
    我们再听一遍这三种经济模式的英文:
    1 command or centrally-planned economy
    2 market system or laissez-faire economy
    3 mixed economy
    澳大利亚昆士兰州詹姆斯库克大学的经济学教授约翰奎根对这三种基本的经济模式做了简单介绍:
    At one extreme you have economists who would like to make virtually all social activity run on the basis of markets. At the other extreme, traditionally you've had a group of economists supporting a largely socialized economy in which most decisions were made by government, possibly using markets in various ways, but still nonetheless essentially making political decisions rather than market decisions.
    Between that, you've got the majority of people who support some sort of mixture of the two - what's called a mixed economy.
    约翰奎根教授说,在一个极端,有些经济学家希望几乎所有的社会活动都在市场的基础之上进行。在另一个极端,一些经济学家支持主要是社会化的经济体制。在这种体制下,绝大部分的决定都是由政府来作出。尽管也可能会在某些方面利用市场因素,但基本上还是由政府作出政治性而不是市场导向的决定。
    在这两者之间,大多数人都支持这两者的某种混合体,也就是我们所说的混合经济。
    下面我们再听一遍约翰奎根教授这段谈话的原文。(略)
    在约翰奎根教授谈到的这三种基本经济模式中,目前大多数国家都采取第三种混合经济的模式。澳大利亚采取的就是偏向于市场经济的混合经济模式。
    那么,什么是市场呢?澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学经济系主任福塞斯教授说:
    In all of these markets the essential thing is that we have buyers who are wanting to purchase some goods or services, or perhaps some assets. They might be somewhat intangible assets like shares, or they might be quite tangible ones like cars and refrigerators. And then there are people who are willing to sell. And markets are the system by which their demands to purchase the goods and the supplies are related, and of course prices are particularly important in determining what the conditions are under which people are trading.
    福塞斯教授在他的谈话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 buyers 买主、买方
    2 purchase 购买
    3 assets 资产
    4 tangible 有形的
    5 intangible 无形的
    6 determining 决定,确定
    下面我们完整听一遍福塞斯教授的谈话。(略)
    福塞斯教授说,在所有的市场中,一个基本条件是要有需要购买货物、服务或者资产的买主。他们要买的可能是无形资产如股票,也可能是有形资产如汽车和电冰箱。同时还要有人愿意出售这些东西。市场实际是把有购物需求的买方与卖方联系在一起的一种机制。当然在决定买卖双方的条件时,价格有着特别重要的作用。
    下面我们再听一遍福塞斯教授的谈话。
    在这一讲中我们简单谈到了三种基本的经济模式:
    command or centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济
    market system or laissez-faire economy 市场经济
    mixed economy 混合式经济,即中央计划经济与市场经济的组合
    在结束这一讲之前,我们再复习一下今天节目中出现的其它一些英文词汇:
    1 buyers 买主、买方
    2 purchase 购买
    3 assets 资产
    4 tangible 有形的
    5 intangible 无形的
    6 determining 决定,确定


    ----------------------------------------------

    第六讲 价格及价格的功能
     
    价格可以说是一种能把买方和卖方联系在一起的机制。任何货物或服务都必须制定出买卖双方都能认可和接受的价格,才能保证现代的市场顺利运行。
     
    在市场经济中,一个能够调控买卖双方关系甚至调控生产资源分配的重要因素就是:
    Price 价格。
    在这一讲中,我们就跟您谈谈价格和它的功能。
    价格可以说是一种能把买方和卖方联系在一起的机制。任何货物或服务都必须制定出买卖双方都能认可和接受的价格,才能保证现代的市场顺利运行。
    澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学经济系主任福塞斯教授对价格做了这样的解释:
    We sometimes think of prices as being the equilibrating mechanism, to use an economist's jargon. We can all understand a situation whereby if prices are too high people go away, they'll just leave the market place. They won't be interested in buying.
    Likewise if prices are too low, the sellers won't be prepared to sell. They'll simply take their produce home.
    And so prices adjust in markets so that we can get to a situation when people are reasonably satisfied and, essentially, what the sellers want to sell is more or less what the buyers want to buy in terms of quantity.
    And so there is an equilibrium in the market.
    Prices become the lever through which the quantities that people want to sell are equal to the quantities that people want to buy.
    福塞斯教授提到了这样几个英文词汇:
    1 equilibrating mechanism 平衡机制
    2 equilibrium 平衡,均衡
    3 jargon 行话
    4 adjust 调节,调整
    5 lever 杠杆,手段
    6 quantity 数量,总量
    下面我们再分段听一下福塞斯教授讲话的原文及中文翻译:(英文略)
    福塞斯教授说,我们有时把价格看作是一种平衡机制,这是经济学家的行话。我们都知道在价格过高的情况下买主就会离开市场,对购买不感兴趣。
    同样,如果价格过低,卖主也不会出售,只会把货物带回家。
    因此价格在市场上进行调节,达到各方都能基本上满意的程度。而且最重要的是使卖方希望出售的货物量与买方希望购买的货物量大致上相等。这样市场的供求就达到了平衡。
    价格成为杠杆,通过它的调节,人们要出售的货物量等同于人们要购买的货物量。
    下面我们再听一遍澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学经济系主任福塞斯教授谈话全文。(略)
    澳大利亚消费与竞争事务委员会主席阿兰费尔斯对价格的功能作了进一步的解释:
    The role of the prices in the economy is several-fold. At the crudest level, prices provide an incentive for production. The higher the price, the more that people who produce will swing in to an industry and try and produce.
    Prices also ration demand. That is, consumers would have unlimited demand for certain products if they're given away free. But if they are charged for them in accordance with the cost of making them, then that will ration demand and bring demand and production into an appropriate balance. So that's the first two roles of prices.
    But prices also have a signaling function. That is they send a signal to producers that it's better for them to produce x where x has a high price, than y, where y has a low price and is not valued very highly by consumers.
    Prices generally play an incentive role. They give incentives to producers to produce or not produce, depending on their level. They give incentives to consumers whether or not to consume particular goods.
    费尔斯在他的谈话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 several-fold 多方面的,成倍的
    2 incentive 刺激,鼓励
    3 swing 转向,改变
    4 ration 约束,定量供应
    5 signaling 传递信息
    下面我们分段听一遍澳大利亚消费与竞争事务委员会主席费尔斯的谈话以及中文翻译:(英文略)
    价格在经济中有多重作用。从最基本的层次来说,价格刺激生产。价格越高,投入这一行业进行生产的人就越多。
    同时价格也能限制需求。这就是说,如果某些产品是免费供应,消费者的需求就可能是无限制的。但如果消费者需要按照产品的成本付出费用,就会使需求受到控制,使需求和产品供应形成恰当的平衡。这是价格的头两种功能。
    价格还有传递信息的功能。它们向生产者送出信息,说明生产甲种产品会比生产乙种产品更好,因为甲种产品的价格高,而乙种产品的价格低,不大受消费者的重视。
    价格总的来说是一种刺激物。根据价格本身的水平,它鼓励生产者生产或不生产某种产品,它也鼓励消费者消费或不消费某些货物。
    现在我们重听一遍澳大利亚消费与竞争事务委员会主席费尔斯谈话的全文。(略)
    在这一讲的最后,我们再复习一下今天学习的一些英语词汇:
    1 equilibrating mechanism 平衡机制
    2 equilibrium 平衡,均衡
    3 jargon 行话
    4 adjust 调节,调整
    5 lever 杠杆,手段
    6 quantity 数量,总量
    7 several-fold 多方面的,成倍的
    8 incentive 刺激, 鼓励
    9 swing 转向,改变
    10 ration 约束,定量供应
    11 signaling 传递信息


    ----------------------------------------------

    第七讲 生产和经济活动的效率
     
    各位朋友好!在上一讲中,我们讲了调控市场供求关系的一个重要因素,就是:price - 价格。
    我们今天要谈的话题是 efficiency - 效率。
    经济学家认为,单纯就市场机制本身来说,它应该能有效率地分配宝贵的资源。那么什么是效率呢?澳大利亚新南威尔士大学管理学教授弗莱德希尔莫归纳了这样几种基本的效率:
    1 productive efficiency 生产效率,讲的是如何生产的问题,通常要以最低成本来获得最好的效率
    2 allocative efficiency 配置效率,生产何种产品,如何分配人力物力资源
    3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率,改革创新、适应消费者对产品和服务要求的改变
    希尔莫教授对这几种效率作了这样的解释:
    The simplest is what we call productive efficiency. I make bricks. When I make bricks, how can I make the brick with the lowest amount of energy, the lowest amount of materials and the lowest amount of labor? And that's productive efficiency. So I'm the most efficient brick producer if I can make the cheapest brick.
    希尔莫教授说,最基本的效率是通常所说的 “生产效率”。比如我生产砖,要考虑在制砖时怎样只消耗最低限度的能源、最低限度的材料和最低限度的劳动力。这就是生产效率。如果我能够生产成本最低的砖,我就是最有效率的制砖工人。
    The second form of efficiency is what's called allocative efficiency, which is where I allocate the resource to the activity which earns the highest return.
    第二种形式的效率是我们所称的“配置效率”,就是说要把人力物力资源投入盈利最高的生产活动中。
    The third kind of efficiency is dynamic efficiency and that would occur where the world is changing and I'm not the best producer of bricks. But I am actually very good at designing innovative bricks - bricks that lock together in ways that make it easier for builders, bricks with colors and textures that consumers like, that the builder who wants a bit of flair will strive for. And so I could be dynamically very efficient and actually get a higher price for my bricks.
    第三种效率是“动态效率”。世界在不断变化,我不是最好的制砖工人,但我实际上很擅长设计具有创新意味的砖,比如砖与砖结合在一起的方式使建筑工人工作起来更简单方便、砖的颜色和纹路更受顾客欢迎,那些想有些变化的建筑工都愿意使用。因此我会获得出色的动态效率,卖出比较高的价格。
    下面我们再听一遍澳大利亚新南威尔士大学管理学教授希尔莫谈话的全文。(略)
    我们再复习一遍希尔莫教授提到的三种效率的英文:
    1 productive efficiency 生产效率
    2 allocative efficiency 配置效率
    3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率
    希尔莫教授接下来又就澳大利亚目前的生产效率情况谈了他的看法。他说:
    Today in Australia I think that the allocative and the dynamic efficiency is much more important. I mean, we aren't going to be able to compete against low wage and low cost countries by just making a cheaper brick. We have to come up with better designs, better quality, software and services that enhance our products. And when we talk about efficiency in those terms we tend to talk about dynamic efficiency and allocative efficiency.
    希尔莫教授认为,现在在澳大利亚,配置效率和动态效率更为重要。因为澳大利亚人很难在制造低成本产品方面同低工资和低成本的国家竞争。因此澳大利亚必须要以更好的设计、更好的质量和软件以及更好的服务来强化它的产品。在这种情况下谈及效率,往往 更多的是指动态效率和配置效率。
    下面我们再听一遍希尔莫教授这段谈话的原文。(略)
    巴里克拉克对希尔莫教授的谈话作了补充。 他从生产什么、怎样生产和为谁生产这几个基本经济问题的角度解释了效率问题。他还补充说,除了这三种基本的效率之外,还有一种效率,叫做 exchange efficiency,交换效率:
    Technical or productive efficiency looks at the "how we produce" question and refers to the least cost method, that is the least use of our resources. Allocative efficiency, or product-mix efficiency addresses the "what we produce" question and measures how well resources are allocated between the production of different goods and services. Dynamic efficiency focuses on innovation and measures how well a producer adapts to changes in consumers' tastes for different goods and services.
    他说,技术或生产效率针对的是如何生产的问题,涉及的是成本最低的生产方法。分配效率,或者称作“多向生产效率”,讲的是生产什么以及衡量是否在不同产品和服务之间恰当地分配了资源。动态效率则注重于革新,衡量生产者能否追随顾客对各种产品和服务兴趣的变化而改革自己的生产。
    And there's another type of efficiency - what's referred to as exchange efficiency and this impacts on the "for whom" question. It may be efficient to price telephone services out of the reach of people in rural Australia, but it is not equitable to do so. Exchange efficiency always involves a trade-off between equity and efficiency.
    巴里克拉克说,还有另外一种效率,称作“交换效率”。它涉及的是“为谁生产”的问题。在澳大利亚农村地区,如果把电话服务的价格提高到人们无法承受的程度,也许会有经济效益,但这样做是不公平的。交换效率涉及的就是公平与效率之间的平衡问题。
    现在我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段讲话。(略)
    在结束这一讲之前,我们再复习一遍今天学到的有关效率的几个词:
    1 productive efficiency 生产效率
    2 allocative efficiency 配置效率
    3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率
    4 exchange efficiency 交换效率


    ----------------------------------------------

    第八讲 浮动汇率制
     
    那么,实行浮动汇率制有什么好处呢?巴里克拉克说:
    One of the most important benefits of floating exchange rates is that they help to insulate the domestic economy against shocks. For example under fixed exchange rates, if an export market collapses, the adverse impact is transmitted fully to the domestic economy. It may be said that we achieve stability of the exchange rate at the cost of domestic instability.
    However, if a similar thing happens under floating exchange rates, the automatic depreciation of the dollar helps to offset the negative domestic effects. In other words, we get relative domestic stability at the cost of exchange rate instability.
    Furthermore, our domestic economic policy options are themselves significantly affected by whether exchange rates are fixed or floating.
    巴里克拉克在谈话中使用了这样几个词汇:
    1 insulate 隔绝
    2 adverse impact 不利影响
    3 transmit 传导
    4 depreciation 贬值
    5 offset 抵销,补偿
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段讲话及中文翻译:(英文略)
    浮动汇率最大的好处是它有助于国内经济免受(国际金融市场动荡的)打击。举例来说,在固定汇率制度下,如果一个出口市场崩溃,国内经济就会经受全部的打击。这也许可以说是以国内经济动荡为代价来换取汇率的稳定。
    但是如果在浮动汇率制下发生同样的情况,货币的自动贬值会抵销对国内经济的消极影响。换句话说,我们以汇率不稳的代价换取了国内经济的相对稳定。
    而且汇率是固定的还是浮动的,对我们选择国内经济政策也有很大影响。
    现在我们再把巴里克拉克的这段谈话完整听一遍。(略)
    为什么巴里克拉克说选择固定汇率制还是浮动汇率制对一个国家的经济政策的选择也有很大影响呢?美国斯坦福大学经济学教授安妮克鲁格作了解释。她在讲话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 monetary policy 货币政策
    2 fiscal policy 财政政策
    3 trade balance 贸易收支
    4 deficit (预算)赤字
    现在请您听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的谈话。
    When you have a fixed exchange rate, then monetary policy does not have a great deal of influence on domestic economic activity. Under a floating rate, a change in the interest rate has quite a powerful effect on the exchange rate and, through the trade balance, has a much bigger effect on the level of economic activity. So floating rates do make monetary policy more potent than a fixed rate system.
    The opposite is true for fiscal policy, because if the government decides it wants to run a bigger deficit because it thinks that would expand the economy, what will happen, of course, is that the domestic interest rate will go up, that will lead to the opposite change in the trade balance, and that will offset some of the fiscal expansion. So the relative efficacy of fiscal and monetary policy and how you need to use those tools does change depending on what system you're under.
    下面我们分段听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    安妮克鲁克说,实行固定汇率制时,货币政策对国内经济活动不会有很大的影响。但在浮动汇率制下,利率的变化对汇率有着强有力的影响,并通过贸易收支对经济活动的水平有还要大得多的影响。因此与固定汇率相比,浮动汇率制使货币政策有更大威力。
    对财政收支政策来说恰好相反。如果政府决定扩大预算赤字以扩展经济,国内的利率自然就会上升,这会导致贸易收支向相反方向变化,从而抵销一部分财政的膨胀。因此财政收支政策和货币政策的相对效应以及需要如何利用它们会依据实行的是哪一种汇率制度而变化。
    现在我们再听一遍美国斯坦福大学经济学教授安妮克鲁格这段话的全文。(略)
    我们今天为您介绍的是固定汇率和浮动汇率问题。那么到底是哪一种汇率对经济的发展更有益处呢?巴里克拉克谈了他的看法:
    In general, the record of fixed exchange rate regimes, at least in this century, has not been wholly impressive. Not only did they fail to maintain exchange rate stability, but they gave speculators virtually underwritten opportunities for destabilizing profit-making that simply do not exist in a floating rate system.
    巴里克拉克说,总的来说,至少从二十世纪来看,固定汇率制的记录并不很光彩。它们不仅未能保持汇率的稳定,而且实际上为投机者提供了为牟利而破坏稳定的潜在机会。这种机会在浮动利率制中并不存在。
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    在结束这一讲之前,我们再听一遍这一讲中遇到的一些英文词汇:
    1 insulate 隔绝
    2 adverse impact 不利影响
    3 transmit 传导
    4 depreciation 贬值
    5 offset 抵销,补偿
    6 monetary policy 货币政策
    7 fiscal policy 财政政策
    8 trade balance 贸易收支
    9 deficit (预算)赤字


    ----------------------------------------------

    第九讲 澳大利亚的全国竞争政策
     
    在这一讲中,我们要请专家进一步谈谈竞争的问题,以及九十年代初澳大利亚推行全国竞争政策的情况。
    上一讲我们谈的话题是 Competition - 竞 争。我们学了这样几个英文词汇:
    1 perfect competition 完全竞争
    2 imperfect competition 不完全竞争
    3 monopoly 垄断
    如同我们在上一讲中提到的,完全竞争只是一种理论研究的假设,它在现实生活中是不存在的。真实市场上的竞争是 imperfect competition,不完全竞争。
    在这一讲中,我们要请专家进一步谈谈竞争的问题,以及九十年代初澳大利亚推行全国竞争政策的情况。
    1992年,当时的澳大利亚总理基廷为了鼓励竞争,促进经济发展,委托以希尔莫教授为首的一个委员会起草了一份全国竞争政策报告,并以这份报告为蓝本,1995年开始在全国推行了全国竞争政策。
    巴里克拉克解释了制定这样一项全国竞争政策的必要性:
    A national policy was needed because of the increasing integration of Australia into a single market rather than several separate state markets. Further, with the advent of globalization, Australia needed to become more competitive internationally to maintain and improve its standard of living.
    巴里克拉克在他的谈话中使用了这样几个词汇:
    1 integration 结合,整体
    2 globalization 全球化
    3 standard of living 生活标准,生活水平
    巴里克拉克说,需要制定一项全国竞争政策,因为澳大利亚全国不断结合成为一个单一的市场而不是分别的几个州的市场。另外,由于全球化的趋势,澳大利亚需要在国际上更具有竞争能力,以维持和改善它的生活水平。
    下面我们再听一遍克拉克的谈话。(略)
    负责起草澳大利亚全国竞争政策的希尔莫教授介绍了这项全国竞争政策的作用。他说:
    Competition policy is the policies that governments enact in order to deal with where and how and at what level of intensity they want to use the force of completion in driving an economy and driving a society.
    希尔莫教授说,竞争政策是政府制定的政策,用以决定在哪一方面、如何以及在多大程度上使用竞争的力量来推动经济和社会的发展。
    Now a competition policy decides where, when and how you're going to use competition as opposed to where, when and how you might use an administered system of a government or legislated monopoly.
    现在是由竞争政策来决定在何处、何时以及使用何种方法来展开竞争。过去与其相对的是在何处、何时和使用何种方法来实行某种管理制度,比如由政府或法律规定的垄断。
    We coined the term National Competition Policy both to emphasize that we needed policies about where and how competition could be better used, and to emphasize that those policies should be national.
    我们创造了“全国竞争政策”这样一种说法,是为了强调我们需要一项关于在何处和如何更好地进行竞争,同时强调了这些政策应是全国统一的。
    下面我们再听一遍希尔莫教授的谈话。(略)
    澳大利亚全国竞争政策的重点之一就是把国家所有的企业也置于公平竞争之下。这一政策促进了经济的活跃发展,也引起了社会的变化。巴里克拉克对此作了解释:
    As we try to increase competition, albeit imperfectly, and we embrace the market system, we're changing the way society functions. In other words, we are reducing the size of the public sector and increasing the size of the private sector.
    克拉克说,在我们试图增加竞争时,尽管是不完全的竞争,我们就接受了市场机制,改变着社会运转的方式。换句话说,我们缩小了公营机构的规模,扩大了私有企业的规模。
    Historically, when the government provided utilities to us, the relationship that existed was between citizen and government. However, as we take these utilities out of the public sector and into the private sector, then the relationship changes - we become consumers interacting with the market.
    从历史上来说,当政府为我们提供公用设施时,那种关系是公民与政府之间的关系。但是,当把这些公用设施从公营转为私营之后,这种关系也随之变化,我们变成了消费者,与市场相互发生影响。
    And as we move from the role of citizen to consumer we lose rights to question the way these essential utilities operate in our society.
    随着我们从公民的角色转变成为消费者,我们就失去了对这些基本设施在我们社会中运营方式提出质询的权利。
    When they were public institutions we had the right under Freedom of Information legislation to find out what was going on. That kind of information is denied to us in the private sector because of commercial sensitivity.
    当这些公用设施属于公营机构时,根据信息自由立法,我们有权知道这些机构运营的情况。但是私营企业会由于商业的敏感性而拒绝透露这些情况。
    巴里克拉克在谈话中提到这样几个词:
    1 public sector 公营机构,政府资助或控制的企业
    2 private sector 私营企业
    3 essential utilities 基本公用设施,如煤气水电等
    4 commercial sensitivity 商业敏感性


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十讲 繁荣与萧条
     
    市场经济的兴衰,一如白昼之后是黑夜。澳大利亚的历史经验说明,每一次经济的繁荣之后,随之而来的必然是衰退。其他国家也不例外。
    在今天的节目中,我们就跟您谈谈市场经济的繁荣与萧条,英文是: Boom and Bust.
    boom 繁荣
    bust 萧条
    Boom and Bust
    您现在听到的是澳大利亚墨尔本房地产拍卖的情景。房地产价格的高低,一直是经济繁荣或衰退的晴雨表。
    经济学家早就指出,经济的繁荣与萧条一如潮涨潮落昼夜交替一样自然,澳大利亚就一再经历过经济繁荣与衰退的周期循环。
    美国经济学家明斯基解释了经济循环发展的规律。他指出,经济平稳发展时,由于多余资金流入市场,或银行数量增多,银行为market share 也就是占有市场的份额竞争激烈,突然之间市场借贷活动大量增加,利率降低,银行贷款竞争加剧,推动房地产价格猛涨,形成一个危险信号。
    接着是购房人行为改变,投机者 speculators 取代传统投资人,大举借贷购买资产,期望物业短期升值转手盈利。人为的炒作使资产价格远远超过本身的价值。一旦银行融资减少,利率上升,房地产和其他资产价格开始下滑,就会出现 asset deflation,资产亏损。大笔举债购买资产的人希望破灭,又纷纷抛售,甚至血本无归,宣布破产。银行贷款无法收回,造成大量坏账。经济迅速进入低潮。仅仅在一九八十年代的萧条中,澳大利亚银行就被迫注销了高达两百亿澳元的坏账。
    历史的教训使人们对银行业之间有过多的竞争是否对经济发展有益提出了疑问。澳大利亚金融评论报的塞克斯指出:
    It becomes evident that wide open competition in the banking sector does not yield benign results. The temptation always is to retain market share, to go for the highest profit, that is to lend money to the people who are prepared to pay the most for it, and also prepared to pay the highest fees for it, and these will normally be your worst credit risks. In boom times if credit goes out of the window and there is nothing to stop it because the banks are actually competing against each other on evaluating credit worthiness of clients and loosening up the evaluations, then you're going to get a crash of similar proportions again.
    塞克斯在他的谈话中提到这样一些词组:
    1 retain market share 保持市场占有量或市场份额
    2 credit risks 信贷风险
    3 evaluating credit worthiness of clients 评估客户的信贷价值或信用声誉
    下面我们听一遍金融评论报撰稿人塞克斯讲话的中文翻译。
    塞克斯说,很显然银行业广泛的公开竞争不会有好的结果。银行受到的诱惑总是要保持占有市场的份额,追求最高利润,也就是要贷款给愿意支付最高利率同时愿意缴付最高费用的人。而这些人通常恰恰是最有信贷风险的人。在经济繁荣时期,如果贷款无法收回,也没有办法阻止它发生。因为各家银行在对客户进行信贷价值评估时互相竞争,从而放松评估的标准。这样,银行占有了多少市场份额,就会受到多大的打击。
    下面我们再听一遍塞克斯讲话的原文。(略)
    Booms and busts,经济的繁荣与萧条几百年来一直以一成不变的规律循环交替。澳大利亚悉尼市一位资深股票经纪人里夫金对投资者的行为有深刻的观察。他说:
    One of the greatest lessons that I've learnt from having studied booms for three hundred odd years, the number one rule is that all booms must bust. The larger the boom the larger the bust, the smaller the boom the smaller the bust. There's no exception to that. So that all you have to do is to identify whether you're in a boom in any investment market and then you know it will bust.
    The other adage that I absolutely abide by is that you buy shares or assets, property in doom or gloom, and you sell it in boom. Whereas of course most people do the very opposite, most people buy stocks or property when it's booming, and sell when there's gloom around.
    里夫金说,我研究三百多年经济繁荣历史的最深刻认识就是所有的繁荣都会变为萧条。越繁荣,萧条就会越严重,无一例外。所以必须要确定你所涉及的投资领域是否处于繁荣期,这样你就会知道它是否将进入萧条。
    我完全信奉的另一条格言是要在经济低靡或处于黑暗时期购买股票或其他资产以及房地产,在繁荣时期出售。但是大多数人却恰恰相反,在繁荣期购买股票或地产,在经济衰退时再出售。
    下面我们再听一遍悉尼股票经纪人里夫金谈话的原文。(略)
    在这一讲的最后,我们再听一遍今天学到的一些英文词汇:
    1 boom (经济的)繁荣
    2 bust(经济的)萧条
    3 market share 市场占有量,市场份额
    4 speculators 投机者
    5 asset deflation 资产亏损
    6 credit risks 信贷风险
    7 evaluating credit worthiness of clients 评估客户信贷价值或信用声誉。


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十一讲 凯恩斯理论与政府对经济的管理
     
    这一讲的话题是政府对经济的管理,以及经济学家对凯恩斯经济学理论的不同看法。
    在这一讲中我们要谈的话题是:The government as manager, 政府对经济的管理,以及经济学家对凯恩斯经济学理论的不同看法。
    英国著名经济学家凯恩斯 John Maynard Keynes 在1936年出版了他划时代的巨著 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money -“就业,利息和货币通论”,提出“有效需求不足”的理论思想,被经济学界看作是一场理论革命。他的理论是宏观经济学的经典,至今仍然影响着各国经济政策的制定和当代经济理论的发展。
    下面我们要听一下美国哈佛大学经济学教授格雷格曼奇对凯恩斯的理论做的介绍。在收听他的谈话之前,我们先来熟悉一下他在谈话中使用的几个词汇:
    1 The General Theory 通论,对凯恩斯著作“就业,利息和货币通论”的简称
    2 recession 衰退
    3 Great Depression 大萧条,指1929年到1930年代初期世界性严重经济衰退
    4 inadequate demand for goods and services 对商品和服务的需求不足
    美国哈佛大学曼奇教授对凯恩斯理论做了这样的简单介绍:
    Keynes's work essentially changed the way economists view the functioning of the economy. It really is traced to Keynes' great book The General Theory, which in 1936 provided a new way for us to think about booms and recessions.
    曼奇说,凯恩斯的研究基本上改变了经济学家有关经济运转的观念。这可以一直追溯到凯恩斯的伟大著作 “通论”。这本书在1936年为我们研究繁荣与衰退提供了新的方法。
    It's important to keep in mind when he was writing, he was writing essentially in the midst of a Great Depression, a situation where roughly a quarter of the labor force was unemployed in the United States and other developed countries.
    重要的是要记住他写作这本书的年代。他基本上是在大萧条期间进行的写作,而大萧条期间美国和其他发达国家都有大约四分之一的劳动力失业。
    And this was an event that economists had a lot of trouble coming to grips with, trying to understand, trying to come up with policy recommendations to deal with.
    许多经济学家绞尽脑汁来研究大萧条,试图弄清楚它的来龙去脉,试图找到对付大萧条的方法。
    I think the central idea in Keyes' general theory is that recessions, or depressions, result from inadequate demand for goods and services. Essentially people in governments and firms aren't spending enough and that's why so many people are unemployed.
    我认为凯恩斯通论的中心思想是:衰退或萧条是由对商品和服务的需求不足造成的。基本上是说,政府和公司花费得不够,因此有许多人失业。
    And what Keyens' theory was to do was basically to show how that could work and to show what governments could do to try to prop up demand for goods and services and get economies out of recessions and depressions.
    凯恩斯的理论基本上是要证明如何这才能行得通以及政府可以采取什么行动来促进对商品和服务的需求,使经济摆脱衰退和萧条。
    下面我们完整听一遍美国哈佛大学经济学教授曼奇对凯恩斯学说作的这段解释。(略)
    尽管凯恩斯理论对各国政府的货币政策和财政收支政策都曾产生过重大的影响,但曼奇教授指出,受到最直接影响的是财政收支政策。他说:
    It's probably most obvious in fiscal policy, because that's where Keynes argues, essentially, that the problem of the Great Depression could be solved most easily with fiscal policy. So there's a lot of examples in the US's and other countries' histories that were essentially applications of Keynes' ideas.
    For example when John Kennedy came to the White House one of the first things he wanted to do was to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. And the arguments that he gave were essentially textbook Keynesian arguments.
    下面我们分段听一遍曼奇教授的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    财政收支政策受到的影响大概最为明显,因为凯恩斯基本上认为可以通过(调整)财政收支政策来最容易地解决大萧条的问题。因此在美国和其他国家的历史上就有了许多实际上实施凯恩斯理论的例证。
    比如约翰肯尼迪入主白宫,首先作的就是减税以刺激经济发展。他提出的理由从本质上来说就是规范的凯恩斯理论。
    下面我们把曼奇教授的这段谈话原文再听一遍。(略)
    到了二次世界大战结束时,世界上许多国家的政府都接受了凯恩斯的主张。澳大利亚、英国、美国等国政府都纷纷承担起追求完全就业和经济稳定的责任。
    然而,即便是在凯恩斯理论的黄金时代,它也一直受到质疑。1976年获诺贝尔奖的美国著名经济学家弗里德曼教授就是对凯恩斯理论持批评意见的学者之一。在下一讲中我们要为您介绍弗里德曼教授的经济理论观点。
    接下来我们再复习一下今天涉及的一些英语词汇:
    1 John Maynard Keynes 凯恩斯,英国著名经济学家,生于1883年,卒于1946年。
    2 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,“就业,利息和货币通论”
    3 The General Theory,通论,对凯恩斯著作“就业,利息和货币通论”的简称
    4 recession 衰退
    5 Great Depression 大萧条,指1929年到1930年代初期世界性严重经济衰退
    6 inadequate demand for goods and services 对商品和服务的需求不足


    ----------------------------------------------


    哈尔滨休闲娱乐:
    影院剧场 健身娱乐 KTV歌舞厅 足道松骨按摩 瘦身美容美发 旅游用品 网吧 其他

    天天旅游
    [2 楼] | Posted: 2006-10-17 19:31 顶端
    Nice

    优秀斑竹奖
    该用户目前不在线
    级别: 论坛版主
    精华: 7
    发帖: 463
    威望: -6 点
    虚拟D-币: 3264 D-币
    贡献值: 0 点
    好评度: 186 点
    注册时间:2007-10-07
    最后登录:2007-12-22
    查看作者资料 发送短消息 推荐此帖 引用回复这个帖子



    第十二讲 对凯恩斯理论的不同看法
     
    在上一讲中我们提到英国经济学家凯恩斯的经济理论曾在经济学领域掀起了一场革命。他认为经济衰退是由对商品和服务的有效需求不足而引起的,政府可以对此采取措施,影响经济的发展。二次大战后各国政府纷纷接受这一理论,承担起对经济运作的责任。
    今天我们要介绍一下经济学界对凯恩斯经济理论的不同看法。
    甚至在凯恩斯理论的鼎盛时期,也一直存在着对这一理论的争执。一九七六年获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国教授弗里德曼就是持有不同看法的学者之一。
    在听弗里德曼教授讲述他的观点之前,我们先来学几个他要在谈话中使用的英文词汇:
    1 Keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论
    2 monetary policy 货币政策,指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策。
    3 easy money 低息贷款,银根松动
    4 misinterpretation 曲解
    5 Federal Reserve system 联邦储备系统
    下面我们听一下弗里德曼教授对凯恩斯理论的不同看法:
    In the first place the reason Keynesian orthodoxy came into so much favour was because of a widespread misinterpretation of the Great Depression. And it was widely interpreted as showing that monetary policy couldn't work. It was interpreted that way because of course all of the central bankers kept saying that they were engaged in very easy money and that the economy was declining in spite of them, their actions, and not because of their actions.
    首先,凯恩斯理论之所以这样受宠,是因为广泛流传的对大萧条的错误解释。大萧条被普遍认为表明了货币政策的无效,因为所有中央银行官员都坚持说银根已经放得很松。尽管他们采取了行动,经济仍然衰退,而衰退并不是由于他们的行动造成的。
    But we found that the situation was very different. Though in our opinion the Great Depression was not a sign of the failure of monetary policy as it was so interpreted, it was not a result of a failure of the market system as was widely interpreted, it was rather a consequence of a very serious government failure, a failure in the monetary authorities to do what they'd initially been set up to do.
    但是我们发现的情况却非常不同。尽管我们认为大萧条并非如同它被解释的那样是货币政策失败的标志,它也不像人们普遍认为的那样是市场机制失败的结果。确切地说它是政府严重失败的后果,是货币管理当局执行当初建立它们这些机构时所赋予它们的职责的失败。
    下面我们再完整听一遍弗里德曼的这段谈话。(略)
    弗里德曼教授接下来进一步谈了凯恩斯理论的影响和他自己对这一理论的不同看法。他使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 the effect 作用,影响
    2 intellectual community 知识界,学术界
    3 cut tax 减税
    4 government deficit 政府赤字
    5 the House of Commons 议会下院
    弗里德曼教授说:
    The effect was primarily, I would say, after World War Two. The effect was to encourage politicians to do what politicians love to do - spend money and not raise taxes.
    我觉得(凯恩斯理论)在二次世界大战以后产生了根本性的影响。这种影响鼓励政治家们去做他们喜爱做的事:花钱但不增加税收。
    The Keynesian theory, not as Keynes himself necessarily presented it, but as it was interpreted both in the intellectual community and in the media and the press, said that if you have high unemployment, the way to solve that is to cut taxes and increase government spending - at least create a government deficit.
    我们所说的凯恩斯理论,不一定是凯恩斯自己原来提出的那套理论,而是经过学术界和新闻媒体做了解释的理论。这种理论认为对付高失业问题的办法是削减税收和增加政府开支,至少要在政府预算中造成赤字。
    Now the government could have created the deficit entirely by cutting taxes and not increasing spending, but if you're sitting in the House of Commons in London or in Australia, or in the United States, obviously the thing you'd like to do is to increase spending.
    现在政府完全可以通过减税而不增加开支来造成赤字。但如果你身居伦敦的英国议会下院,或是澳大利亚或美国的议会,很明显你愿意做的是增加开支。
    And so the major effect of the Keynesian orthodoxy in the post-war period was to encourage an expansion in government spending as a fraction of income, and to contribute to the inflation of the 1970s.
    因此凯恩斯传统理论在战后时期的主要影响在于鼓励政府增加开支作为人们收入的部分来源,也就促成了一九七十年代的通货膨胀。
    下面我们再完整听一遍弗里德曼教授的这段谈话。(略)
    在这一讲和上一讲中,我们为您简单介绍了经济学中曾红极一时的凯恩斯理论和对这一理论的不同看法。
    在结束这一讲之前,我们再复习一下今天涉及的一些英文词汇:
    1 Keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论
    2 monetary policy 货币政策,指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策
    3 easy money 低息贷款,银根松动
    4 misinterpretation 曲解
    5 Federal Reserve system 联邦储备系统
    6 the effect 作用,影响
    7 intellectual community 知识界,学术界
    8 cut tax 减税
    9 government deficit 政府赤字
    10 the House of Commons 议会下院




    第十三讲 货币的价格
     
    澳大利亚与其他许多国家一样实行货币浮动汇率制,在这一讲中我们来看一看货币的价格也就是汇率是由什么来决定的。
    自从二十世纪八十年代初开始,澳大利亚与其他许多国家一样实行了货币浮动汇率制,英文是 floating exchange rates。也就是说,澳大利亚元的价格要随着市场的变化而不断变动。
    在这一讲中,我们就来看一看货币的价格也就是汇率到底是由什么来决定的。
    我们知道,汇率是两种或两种以上货币之间的比价。最初,澳大利亚同世界上的许多国家一样,实行的是固定汇率制。巴里克拉克对此作了解释。他在谈话中提到这样一些词汇:
    1 fixed exchange rates 固定汇率
    2 Gold Standard 金本位制,以黄金为本位货币的货币制度,1819年英国首先采用,1929年后被大多数国家放弃
    3 Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森林货币体系,1944年7月在美国新罕布什尔州布雷顿森林举行了联合国家货币金融会议,确定一盎司黄金等于三十五美元,其他货币与美元汇率在上下百分之一的幅度内浮动
    4 crawling peg system 蠕动钉住汇率制,布雷顿森林汇率制度瓦解后的一种汇率制度,只对汇率作少量调整,避免剧烈变动
    5 International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话和中文翻译:
    Precisely because the exchange rate is such an exceptionally important price, many find it surprising, and even alarming, that it is allowed to fluctuate from day to day, from hour to hour, and even from minute to minute, according to the vagaries of market forces.
    恰恰由于货币兑换率是这样一种特别重要的价格,允许它根据市场反复无常的力量每日每时甚至每分钟都上下浮动,使很多人感到惊讶甚至担忧。
    Throughout most of the 19th century, and for part of the 20th century, the world economy operated on a quite rigorous system of fixed exchange rates, known as the 'Gold Standard'. Though the Gold Standard was abandoned during the Great Depression, a modified regime of fixed exchange rates was reinstated with the reconstruction of the international financial mechanism after the Second World War. This was known as the 'Bretton Woods system', presided over by the International Monetary Fund.
    在整个十九世纪和二十世纪部分时期,世界经济是基于一种严格的固定汇率制度来运作的。这种制度称为“金本位”制。尽管大萧条期间金本位制被抛弃,二次大战后重建国际金融秩序时又恢复了一种较为温和的固定汇率制,称作“布雷顿森林制”,由国际货币基金组织掌管。
    Even as late as the early 1980s, though the original Bretton Woods mechanism had by then essentially collapsed internationally, the Australian authorities were still attempting to manage the exchange rate under a so-called 'crawling peg' system, with the object of stabilizing the price of the dollar.
    甚至到了一九八十年代初,尽管那时原来的布雷顿森林制在国际上已经基本垮台,澳大利亚政府仍试图根据所谓的“蠕动钉住”制来管理货币的兑换率,以稳定澳元的价格。
    But in December 1983, the then Federal Treasurer, Paul Keating announced the floating of the dollar.
    但是在1983年的12月,当时的国库部长基廷宣布澳元自由浮动。
    现在我们再完整听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话。(略)
    那么,货币的价格不再由政府的中央银行决定之后,是由什么来确定呢?是由坐在交易所里面的货币经纪人来决定吗?美国斯坦福大学经济系教授安妮克鲁格说:
    The major part of the story has to do with the market determining the exchange rate, but the market in itself is reacting to a number of underlying factors and those include how much is exported, how much is imported, what relative interest rates are, how much demand and supply, if you like, there is for the Australian or the US dollar relative to other currencies.
    So it's a market determined rate and in that sense, what's happening in the trading rooms is that the traders are trying to figure out where the market is going. And for most purposes I think the evidence is that they do not have a great deal of influence in anything other than a little bit on the day to day side.
    安妮克鲁格教授在讲话中提到这样一些词汇:
    1 determine 决定
    2 underlying 基本的,潜在的
    3 export 出口
    4 import 进口
    5 demand 需求
    6 supply 供应
    下面我们分段听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    决定货币价格的主要因素是市场,而市场本身又是对一些基本因素作出反映,包括出口有多少,进口有多少,相关的利率是多少,相对其他货币来说对澳元或美元的需求和供应有多少等等。
    因此汇率是由市场来决定。货币经纪人在交易所里所作的只是要试图确定市场的走向。在很大程度上,我认为事实证明他们除了对每日的交易稍许有些影响之外,对汇率并没有太大的影响力。
    接下来我们再听一遍安妮克鲁格教授谈话的原文。(略)
    刚才美国斯坦福大学经济系教授安妮克鲁格说,汇率是由市场来决定,而市场本身只是对一系列基本因素如进出口数额等等的反映。有不少的人认为国际货币市场上的投机商能够决定或动摇某种货币的兑换率。关于这一点,曾获诺贝尔经济学奖的美国教授弗里德曼持有不同看法:
    Well in a day to day term, the speculators can have some influence. But in floating exchange rate markets, speculators can only make money if they help to stabilize the market, not if they make it more unstable. And so, the exchange rate and the flexible exchange rate system are determined by two fundamental forces. One is trade, and second, by capital movements. If a country is an attractive place for foreigners to invest their funds, then that country will have a relatively high exchange rate. If it's an unattractive place it will be a relatively low exchange rate. But those are the fundamentals that really determine the exchange rate in a floating exchange rate system.
    弗里德曼教授说,就每天的交易来说,投机商可能会有些影响。但是在浮动汇率市场上,投机商若要赚钱,只有帮助稳定市场而不是使市场更加动荡。因此汇率以及可变汇率制是由两大根本因素来决定,一是贸易,二是资本流动。如果一个国家能够吸引外国人去投资,那个国家就会有相对较高的货币汇率。如果它不能吸引投资,它的汇率就较低。
    这是浮动汇率制度下真正决定汇率变化的根本因素。
    现在我们再听一遍弗里德曼教授的这段谈话原文。(略)
    在结束这一讲之前,我们把今天遇到的一些英文词汇复习一遍:
    1 fixed exchange rates 固定汇率
    2 Gold Standard 金本位制
    3 Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森林货币体系
    4 crawling peg system 蠕动钉住汇率制
    5 International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
    6 flexible exchange rate 可变汇率制


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十四讲 浮动汇率与固定汇率
     
    在这一讲中我们要继续跟您谈谈 floating exchange rates 浮动汇率和 fixed exchange rates 固定汇率问题。
    在上一讲中,我们为您介绍了澳大利亚从一九八三年开始实行澳元的浮动汇率制。在此之前,澳大利亚同世界上大多数国家一样,曾实行过各种不同的固定汇率制,包括:
    1 Gold Standard 金本位制
    2 Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森林货币体系
    3 crawling peg system 蠕动钉住汇率制
    那么,实行浮动汇率制有什么好处呢?巴里克拉克说:
    One of the most important benefits of floating exchange rates is that they help to insulate the domestic economy against shocks. For example under fixed exchange rates, if an export market collapses, the adverse impact is transmitted fully to the domestic economy. It may be said that we achieve stability of the exchange rate at the cost of domestic instability.
    However, if a similar thing happens under floating exchange rates, the automatic depreciation of the dollar helps to offset the negative domestic effects. In other words, we get relative domestic stability at the cost of exchange rate instability.
    Furthermore, our domestic economic policy options are themselves significantly affected by whether exchange rates are fixed or floating.
    巴里克拉克在谈话中使用了这样几个词汇:
    1 insulate 隔绝
    2 adverse impact 不利影响
    3 transmit 传导
    4 depreciation 贬值
    5 offset 抵销,补偿
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段讲话及中文翻译:(英文略)
    浮动汇率最大的好处是它有助于国内经济免受(国际金融市场动荡的)打击。举例来说,在固定汇率制度下,如果一个出口市场崩溃,国内经济就会经受全部的打击。这也许可以说是以国内经济动荡为代价来换取汇率的稳定。
    但是如果在浮动汇率制下发生同样的情况,货币的自动贬值会抵销对国内经济的消极影响。换句话说,我们以汇率不稳的代价换取了国内经济的相对稳定。
    而且汇率是固定的还是浮动的,对我们选择国内经济政策也有很大影响。
    现在我们再把巴里克拉克的这段谈话完整听一遍。(略)
    为什么巴里克拉克说选择固定汇率制还是浮动汇率制对一个国家的经济政策的选择也有很大影响呢?美国斯坦福大学经济学教授安妮克鲁格作了解释。她在讲话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 monetary policy 货币政策
    2 fiscal policy 财政政策
    3 trade balance 贸易收支
    4 deficit (预算)赤字
    现在请您听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的谈话。
    When you have a fixed exchange rate, then monetary policy does not have a great deal of influence on domestic economic activity. Under a floating rate, a change in the interest rate has quite a powerful effect on the exchange rate and, through the trade balance, has a much bigger effect on the level of economic activity. So floating rates do make monetary policy more potent than a fixed rate system.
    The opposite is true for fiscal policy, because if the government decides it wants to run a bigger deficit because it thinks that would expand the economy, what will happen, of course, is that the domestic interest rate will go up, that will lead to the opposite change in the trade balance, and that will offset some of the fiscal expansion. So the relative efficacy of fiscal and monetary policy and how you need to use those tools does change depending on what system you're under.
    下面我们分段听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    安妮克鲁克说,实行固定汇率制时,货币政策对国内经济活动不会有很大的影响。但在浮动汇率制下,利率的变化对汇率有着强有力的影响,并通过贸易收支对经济活动的水平有还要大得多的影响。因此与固定汇率相比,浮动汇率制使货币政策有更大威力。
    对财政收支政策来说恰好相反。如果政府决定扩大预算赤字以扩展经济,国内的利率自然就会上升,这会导致贸易收支向相反方向变化,从而抵销一部分财政的膨胀。因此财政收支政策和货币政策的相对效应以及需要如何利用它们会依据实行的是哪一种汇率制度而变化。
    现在我们再听一遍美国斯坦福大学经济学教授安妮克鲁格这段话的全文。(略)
    我们今天为您介绍的是固定汇率和浮动汇率问题。那么到底是哪一种汇率对经济的发展更有益处呢?巴里克拉克谈了他的看法:
    In general, the record of fixed exchange rate regimes, at least in this century, has not been wholly impressive. Not only did they fail to maintain exchange rate stability, but they gave speculators virtually underwritten opportunities for destabilizing profit-making that simply do not exist in a floating rate system.
    巴里克拉克说,总的来说,至少从二十世纪来看,固定汇率制的记录并不很光彩。它们不仅未能保持汇率的稳定,而且实际上为投机者提供了为牟利而破坏稳定的潜在机会。这种机会在浮动利率制中并不存在。
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    在结束这一讲之前,我们再听一遍这一讲中遇到的一些英文词汇:
    1 insulate 隔绝
    2 adverse impact 不利影响
    3 transmit 传导
    4 depreciation 贬值
    5 offset 抵销,补偿
    6 monetary policy 货币政策
    7 fiscal policy 财政政策
    8 trade balance 贸易收支
    9 deficit (预算)赤字


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十五讲 央行干预市场的利与弊
     
    上一讲为您介绍了浮动汇率与固定汇率。巴里克拉克介绍说,二十世纪的固定汇率制不仅未能保持汇率的稳定,而且还为投机者提供了机会。实行浮动汇率制也同样有它的不利之处。这一讲为您介绍央行干预市场的利与弊。
    但是实行浮动汇率制也同样有它的不利之处。不断变化的汇率为工商业的运作带来许多不确定因素。
    不过,巴里克拉克继续介绍说,各国的中央银行或储备银行大都会在关键时刻对市场进行干预,以减缓货币汇率的剧烈动荡。
    巴里克拉克在他的讲话中提到了这样一些词汇:
    1 Reserve Bank 储备银行
    2 cushion 缓冲垫,减震器
    3 intervene 干预
    4 contention 辩论
    5 on balance 总的来说
    6 overshooting 过火,过激
    下面我们听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话及中文翻译:
    The Reserve Bank tries to play a role in providing a comfort cushion by intervening from time to time in the foreign exchange market with a view to limiting its more extreme fluctuations.
    Whether the central bank should be doing this, and whether it actually can influence exchange rates in the face of market forces, are matters of some contention.
    From its own analysis, the Reserve Bank is persuaded that, on balance, it plays a useful role in limiting overshooting in the market.
    巴里克拉克说,储备银行试图在减缓市场冲击力方面发挥作用,对外汇市场不时进行干预,目的是要限制它更剧烈的动荡。
    中央银行是否应当采取这样的行动,以及它在面对市场力量时是否真能对汇率发挥影响,是需要继续讨论的问题。
    储备银行通过它自己的分析,确信它总的来说在限制市场的过激行为方面能够发挥有益的作用。
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    刚才我们谈到了中央银行对外汇兑换市场的干预。许多经济学家对中央银行进行干预的效果持怀疑态度。美国斯坦福大学经济学教授安妮克鲁格就是其中之一。她说:
    The first question is: can a central bank out-guess the market in terms of where the underlying market forces are taking the exchange rate? More interventiongs than not, I think, historically, have been when the central bank has been betting against the market. You may recall in 1992 when you had the upheavals in the European currencies, where there were a lot of bets against the markets and a lot of money was lost on the part of a lot of countries, including the Bank of England. So that basically, there's a real risk in central bank intervention.
    安妮克鲁格教授说,首先的问题是,中央银行是否能够猜中潜在的市场势力会把市场汇率带向何处。我认为从历史上来看,多数市场的干预都是中央银行逆市场走向下的赌注。可以回想一下1992年欧洲货币的那场大动荡。当时许多人都逆市场而动,投下大批赌注,很多国家都损失了大笔的资金,包括英格兰银行在内。因此基本上来说,中央银行的干预确实存在着危险。
    I think central bank intervention is dangerous. They're betting on one side of the market and then that gives speculators a one-sided bet, because they know that they can't really lose by going on the other side.
    我认为中央银行的干预是危险的。它们就市场的一方打赌,这就给了投机者向另一方下赌注的机会。因为投机者知道投向另一方就肯定不会输。
    下面我们再听一遍安妮克鲁格教授的这段谈话。(略)
    在前两讲中我们介绍了澳大利亚同世界上许多国家一样早已放弃了固定汇率制。但是发生在二十世纪九十年代末的亚洲金融危机又引发了对固定汇率制的讨论。诺贝尔经济学奖获得者、美国经济学教授弗里德曼认为,恢复固定汇率制并不是明智之举。他说:
    Whenever you have a pegged exchange or a system like that, it has the tendency to let small problems accumulate into big ones and then to create a crisis.
    And that is true, I may say, not only among small countries like Thailand or Korea. Great Britain in the 1950s and 60s several times had similar exchange crises arising from exactly the same thing, that it was trying to peg its currency, at that time under Bretton Woods, to the US dollar.
    And its central bank was behaving in a way that was not consistent with that, and so, lo and behold, you had an exchange crisis and a devaluation.
    弗里德曼在谈话中用了这样一些词汇和短语:
    1 peg 固定,钉住
    2 pegged exchange rate 固定汇率
    3 tendency 趋势
    4 accumulate 积累
    5 lo and behold 看哪!瞧!
    我们现在听一遍弗里德曼教授的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    每当实行一种固定汇率或类似的制度时,它都会有把小问题积累成大问题、然后造成危机的趋势。
    不仅仅在泰国或韩国这样的小国家是如此,英国在一九五十年代和一九六十年代也由于完全同样的原因发生了几次类似的汇率危机。也就是说它试图在当时的布雷顿森林货币体系之下把英国货币与美元的汇率固定下来。
    而英国中央银行的行动却与此不相一致,因此你瞧,发生了汇率危机和贬值。
    最后我们再听一遍弗里德曼教授的谈话。(略)
    在结束今天节目之前,我们复习一下今天遇到的一些英文词汇:
    1 Reserve Bank 储备银行
    2 cushion 缓冲垫,减震器
    3 intervene 干预
    4 contention 辩论
    5 on balance 总的来说
    6 overshooting 过火,过激
    7 peg 固定,钉住
    8 pegged exchange rate 固定汇率
    9 tendency 趋势
    10 accumulate 积累
    11 lo and behold 看哪!瞧!


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十六讲 央行的功能与职责
    在前几讲中我们谈到了中央银行对市场进行干预会对汇率及经济活动产生的影响。那么,什么是中央银行呢?它在一个国家的经济活动中扮演的是什么角色呢?在今天的节目中我们就要谈谈中央银行或储备银行的功能和职责。
    在前几讲中我们介绍了 floating exchange rates 和 fixed exchange rates,浮动汇率与固定汇率。我们谈到了中央银行对市场进行干预会对汇率及经济活动产生的影响。
    那么,什么是中央银行呢?它在一个国家的经济活动中扮演的是什么角色呢?在今天的节目中我们就要谈谈中央银行 central bank 或储备银行 reserve bank 的功能和职责。
    各国中央银行在现代的经济活动中可以说扮演着举足轻重的角色。在欧洲,中央银行已经有几百年的历史。巴里克拉克介绍说:
    Central banks are key economic policy institutions in most modern economies. But around the world, the role and functions of central banks have been under challenge from changing fashions in monetary policy and form the deregulation and globalization of financial markets. During its brief history, Australia's Reserve Bank has been required to act as banker to government, regulator of the financial system and administrator of monetary policy.
    巴里克拉克在谈话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 central bank 中央银行
    2 reserve bank 储备银行
    3 deregulation 解除管制
    4 globalization 全球化
    5 regulator 管理者,调整者
    6 administrator 管理人
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    在大多数现代国家的经济中,中央银行是一个重要的机构。但是世界各国中央银行的角色和功能一直受到货币政策不断演变以及金融市场取消管制和全球化的挑战。
    在澳大利亚储备银行短暂的历史中,它被要求充当政府的银行、金融系统的调节人以及货币政策的管理者。
    现在我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    澳大利亚墨尔本大学的银行史学家大卫梅里特对中央银行的职能也作了解释。他在谈话中用了这样一些词汇和短语:
    1 exclusive 专门的,专有的,排他的
    2 vitally important 极其重要的
    3 lender of last resort 最后贷款者,为其它银行提供贷款的银行,这是中央银行的职能之一
    4 commercial banks 商业银行
    5 liquid assets 流动资产,指可以迅速变成现金而不会有价值损失或损失较小的资产
    6 bail out 帮助...摆脱困境
    现在我们听一遍大卫梅里特的谈话:
    The central banks usually began their existence as a banker that dealt exclusively with the national government, that really provides credit to the government of the country and in return for so doing, gets particular privileges which quite often is a monopoly on the issue of paper money.
    中央银行在问世之初通常都是只单独与各自政府打交道的银行,为政府提供信贷。作为交换,中央银行获得某些特权,通常是垄断货币的发行。
    From that strength, as these banks become large and important they acquire, almost by natural process, a third and vitally important function and that is what we've called a lender of last resort.
    借助这一实力地位,随着中央银行越来越庞大和重要,它们几乎是自然而然地获得了第三种功能,也就是我们所说的“最后贷款者”。
    They become the banker for commercial banks. They're seen to be safe, other banks will put money on deposit with them. They become a leader of the banking community and in times of crisis it's this central bank that can assist banks who get into trouble.
    它们成为商业银行的银行。它们被认为是安全的。其它银行会把钱放在中央银行作为存款。中央银行成为银行界的领袖。在遭遇危机的时候,正是中央银行能够为陷入困境的银行提供帮助。
    Now, there's a price to pay to be in the club, to have a central banker, and that is usually there is a set of sort of informal rules grow up about the behavior of the other banks. They will hold a certain amount of capital, they'll hold some of their liquid assets on deposit with the central bank. If you're going to be bailed out you have to abide by convention.
    现在,要为参加这个俱乐部和拥有一个中央银行而出代价了。通常会产生一系列关于其它银行运作的非正式规则。它们需要保持一定数量的资本,需要在中央银行里存储一定的流动资产。若想得到中央银行的救助,就必需遵守规则。
    现在让我们完整听一遍澳大利亚墨尔本大学银行史学家大卫梅里特的这段谈话。(略)
    接下来我们把这一讲中遇到的一些英文词汇复习一遍:
    1 central bank 中央银行
    2 reserve bank 储备银行
    3 deregulation 解除管制
    4 globalization 全球化
    5 regulator 管理者,调整者
    6 administrator 管理人
    7 exclusive 专门的,专有的,排他的
    8 vitally important 极其重要的
    9 lender of last resort 最后贷款者,为其它银行提供贷款的银行,这是中央银行的职能之一
    10 commercial banks 商业银行
    11 liquid assets 流动资产,指可以迅速变成现金而不会有价值损失或损失较小的资产
    12 bail out 帮助摆脱困境


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十七讲 中央银行角色的变化
     
    上次介绍了各国中央银行或储备银行的职能。这次节目为您介绍央行职能的变化。
    在上次节目中,我们介绍了各国中央银行或储备银行的职能。它的一个主要功能是:
    lender of last resort - 最后贷款人。
    最后贷款人这一职能意味着中央银行在其它商业银行遇到危机时要伸出救援之手。但是中央银行是否有能力成为各商业银行危难中坚强的后盾呢?澳洲广播电台金融节目主持人巴里克拉克对此谈了他的看法:
    Support for the safety of the banking system via a lender of last resort mechanism became the most important function of central banks in the early twentieth century. However, the capacity of central banks to support commercial banks in trouble and to prevent a loss of confidence in all deposit taking institutions should not be overestimated.
    巴里克拉克说,通过最后贷款人机制来维护银行系统的安全已在二十世纪初成为中央银行最重要的功能。但是,不应该过高估计中央银行救援陷于困境的商业银行的能力以及防止人们丧失对所有受理存款机构的信心的能力。
    现在我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    为什么巴里克拉克说不能过高估计各国中央银行对陷于危难中的商业银行进行救援的能力呢?伦敦经济学院的查尔斯古德哈特教授对此作了进一步的解释。他在谈话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 capital 资本
    2 information gatherer 信息收集人
    3 co-coordinator 协调人
    4 corral 把...集合在一起
    5 rescue 救援
    古德哈特教授说:
    Central banks have never actually had that much capital of their own, and they've never been able to finance any large scale rescue entirely on their own. Instead they act as information gatherers and co-ordinators of the banking system and they encourage and corral the banks as a group to provide support and assistance to the bank in difficulty.
    And that has actually been the case more or less throughout ... and the Bank of England has acted as the co-coordinator and the central operator of a rescue system, rather than doing it all by itself.
    More recently, the willingness of the banks to get together to bail out and support their colleagues has actually been diminishing with the more competitive system we now have. And effectively now the fund to bail out or to provide any large scale support system for the banks has to come from the taxpayer.
    下面我们分段听一遍古德哈特教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    中央银行自己实际上从来没有那么多的资金,也从来没有能力完全独立地资助任何大规模的救援行动。相反,它们是银行系统的信息收集者和协调人,鼓励并召集各个银行成为一个团体,为陷于困境的银行提供支持和援助。
    实际上几乎一直都大致是这种情况。英格兰银行就一直扮演着一个救援体系中的协调和中央运作的角色,而不是单独靠自己进行救援。
    近来,各银行联合起来援助和支持同伴的愿望实际上已经降低,因为我们现在有了竞争更激烈的体制。事实上,现在为银行提供的救援或大规模支持系统所需的资金只能来自纳税人。
    现在我们再听一遍古德哈特教授这段谈话的全文。(略)
    二十世纪三十年代的大萧条使各国中央银行承担起新的责任。巴里克拉克对此作了介绍:
    The global depression of the 1930s and the demands for economic controls during the second world war thrust new responsibilities upon central banks. New economic ideas, principally those of the English economist John Maynard Keynes, legitimated a more interventionist set of government policies to direct the economy in pursuit of full employment and price stability.
    巴里克拉克的谈话中出现了这样一些英文词汇:
    1 global depression 全球经济萧条
    2 legitimate 使...合法化
    3 interventionist 干涉主义者,干涉主义的
    4 full employment 充分就业,全面就业
    5 price stability 价格稳定
    巴里克拉克说,一九三十年代的大萧条以及第二次世界大战期间对经济进行控制的需要使中央银行背负上新的责任。新的经济观念,主要是英国经济学家凯恩斯的观点,使政府采行了一套更倾向于涉主义的政策来指导经济,以追求全面就业和价格稳定。
    下面我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    由于各国政府在二十世纪三十年代的大萧条之后采行新的对经济进行干预的政策,各国中央银行因此有了新的职责。墨尔本大学银行史学家大卫梅里特解释说:
    The central bank was an institution that was already in existence, that now could act as agent for the government, combined with what we call fiscal policy, in bringing about full employment, price stability and so on. This became really their dominant or prime function from the end of the Second World War probably up until the 1970s. It's really the exercise of monetary policy which becomes the overriding objective. The older ones of lender of last resort, managing the note issue, being banker to government, really slide back into the background.
    大卫梅里特说,中央银行是一个已经存在的机构,现在它可以作为政府的代理,与我们所说的财政政策相配合,以实现全面就业和价格稳定等等。从第二次世界大战结束后可能一直到一九七十年代末期,这一直是中央银行最重要的职能。实际上执行货币政策已成为压倒一切的目标。原来的“最后贷款人”、管理货币发行和充当政府银行等功能已经退居其次。
    现在我们再听一遍大卫梅里特的这段谈话。(略)
    在这里我们要补充的是,到了二十世纪八十年代中期,各国中央银行的角色再次发生了变化,压低通货膨胀率取代了全面就业,成为货币政策压倒一切的目标。
    接下来我们复习一遍这一讲中遇到的一些英文词汇:
    1 capital 资本
    2 information gatherer 信息收集人
    3 co-coordinator 协调人
    4 corral 把...集合在一起
    5 rescue 救援
    6 global depression 全球经济萧条
    7 legitimate 使...合法化
    8 interventionist 干涉主义者,干涉主义的
    9 full employment 充分就业,全面就业
    10 price stability 价格稳定


    ----------------------------------------------

    第十八讲 经济全球化(一)
     
    经济学家们对经济全球化有什么看法?全球化的进程是由什么力量推动的?它对各国经济的发展有什么积极和消极的影响呢?这些就是我们要在这一讲和下一讲中探讨的问题。
    在这一讲中我们要谈的话题是:Globalisation-全球化问题。
    世界经济的全球化进程可以说每天都在悄悄地展开,使各国和各地区的经济越来越密切地结合在一起。那么,经济学家们对经济全球化有什么看法?全球化的进程是由什么力量推动的?它对各国经济的发展有什么积极和消极的影响呢?
    在这一讲和下一讲中我们就要对这些问题作一些初步的探讨。
    首先我们来听一段巴里克拉克关于全球化问题的谈话:
    Few days go by without a mention of globalization in the media. Whilst we are all aware that globalization is affecting our lives, our attitudes to it differ widely.
    For some, globalization is the way to a better future, offering gains through specialization according to comparative advantage and an opportunity for developing countries to raise their living standards.
    On the other hand, critics hold globalization responsible for a variety of social problems: for high unemployment in the industrialized world, for pressure on wage levels and for the present instability in financial markets.
    巴里克拉克在谈话中提到这样一个词组:
    comparative advantage 相对优势 - 这是英国古典经济学家大卫李嘉图提出的国际分工原则中的一个概念,即各国出口生产成本比其它国家低的产品,因为他们在这些产品上拥有相对优势。
    巴里克拉克还使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 living standard 生活水平
    2 social problems 社会问题
    3 instability 不稳定,动荡
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    新闻媒介几乎每天都会提到“全球化”。尽管我们都意识到全球化影响了我们的生活,但我们对全球化的看法却相去甚远。
    有些人认为,全球化是通向更加美好未来的途径,通过“相对优势”论达成的专业化生产使各国获利,同时也为发展中国家提供了提高生活水平的机会。
    另一方面,持批评看法的人认为全球化造成了一系列的社会问题,如工业化各国的高失业率、工资水平受到的压力以及目前金融市场的不稳定等等。
    下面我们再完整听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    那么到底是什么因素推动了全球化进程的快速发展呢?澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学市场学系主任菲茨罗伊教授认为,通讯和交通费用的降低是主要的因素:
    In 1945, if you had wanted to fly from Melbourne to London it would have cost you something like two years average industrial wages. If you want to do that in the late 1990s, it will cost you about three weeks average industrial wage. So there's been an enormous decline in transport cost.
    What that means is that it maybe cheaper to produce a good in, let's say, the United Kingdom and ship it to Australia, rather than to produce it in Australia. So it changes the fundamental economics of the industry.
    Another development that facilitates globalization is the rise of communications. Historically again, distance has been a major impediment to the co-ordination and management of organizations. With the tremendous developments in both computing and communications, cost has really declined substantially. Again, quoting some data, in 1930 a phone call from New York to London cost something of the order of $300, today it costs something like a dollar.
    菲茨罗伊教授在谈话中提到这样一些词汇:
    1 average industrial wages 平均行业工资
    2 decline 下降,衰落
    3 facilitate 推进,促进
    4 impediment 妨碍,障碍
    5 substantial 实质性的,重要的
    下面我们分段听一遍菲茨罗伊教授的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    在1945年,如果你想从墨尔本飞到伦敦,飞机票的价钱大约等于两年的平均行业工资。但是到了一九九十年代末期,同样的机票只相当于三个星期的平均行业工资。因此交通运输费用已大大降低。
    这意味着也许在英国生产某种产品再把它运送到澳大利亚比在澳大利亚生产还要便宜。所以它改变了工业经济学的基本原理。
    促进全球化进程的另一原因是通讯的发展。再从历史上来看,距离一直是组织机构进行协调管理的一个主要障碍。随着计算机和通讯系统的巨大发展,通讯的费用也大幅度降低。我们再看看一些数据,1930年从纽约打电话到伦敦通常要花费大约三百美元,而现在大约只需要一块钱。
    现在我们再完整听一遍澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学菲茨罗伊教授的谈话。(略)
    我们把这一讲中遇到的一些英文词汇再听一遍:
    1 comparative advantage 相对优势
    2 living standard 生活水平
    3 social problems 社会问题
    4 instability 不稳定,动荡
    5 average industrial wages 平均行业工资
    6 decline 下降,衰落
    7 facilitate 推进,促进
    8 impediment 妨碍,障碍
    9 substantial 实质性的,重要的

    第十九讲 经济全球化(二)
     
    在上一讲中我们谈的话题是:globalisation-经济的全球化。
    澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学的市场学系主任菲茨罗伊教授介绍说,通讯和交通运输费用的降低是促进经济全球化进程的两个因素。
    接下来菲茨罗伊教授介绍说,生产规模的扩大和顾客品味趋于一致也是推动经济全球化的原因。他在谈话中使用了这样一些词汇:
    1 economies of scale 规模经济
    2 homogeneity 同种,同一
    3 cater to the need of 迎合...的需要
    4 barrier 障碍
    5 GATT 关税及贸易总协定 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 的缩写
    6 World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织,简称WTO
    7 trade liberalization 贸易自由化
    现在我们听一遍菲茨罗伊教授的这段谈话:
    It is true in lots of industries, large plants can make goods much cheaper than small plants. And in some industries we can see a movement towards increasing economies of scale. In other words, the minimum size of plant or the most economic size of plant is getting larger and larger.
    Another necessary condition for globalization is the increasing homogeneity of consumer tastes. There are an increasing number of consumers in Brazil; who have almost precisely the same set of needs and requirements as consumers in Germany. So consequently it becomes easier for a producer to try to cater to the needs of both markets, because the market differences have now really diminished to a point where they virtually don't exist.
    Another explanation for globalization is the behavior of governments. Historically, there have been barriers to trade that have been put up by governments. Particularly since the Second World War, inter-government bodies such as the GATT and the World Trade Organization have really encouraged governments to liberalize trade, which means to remove political barriers, so that trade liberalization has been again an important necessary condition for globalization.
    接下来我们分段听一遍菲茨罗伊教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    的确在很多行业中,大工厂能够以比小工厂低得多的成本生产产品。在有些行业中我们可以看到“规 模 经 济”不断增加的趋势。换句话说,就是工厂的最小规模或者说工厂的最经济的规模变得越来越大。
    全球化的另一必要条件是顾客的品味日益趋于一致。在巴西有越来多的顾客,他们的需要和要求与德国顾客的几乎完全一样。这种趋势使生产者能更容易地迎合两个市场的需要,因为市场的差别现在实际上已缩小到几乎不存在的程度。
    促进全球化的另一原因是政府的行为。历史上各国政府曾设置贸易障碍。但是从二次大战以来,各种政府间的组织如关税及贸易总协定和世界贸易组织实际上一直鼓励各国政府允许贸易自由化,也就是消除政治障碍。因此贸易自由化也是经济全球化的一个必要的条件。
    下面我们把菲茨罗伊教授的这段谈话连起来听一遍。(略)
    在上一讲和这一讲中,澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学市场学系主任菲茨罗伊教授介绍说,促进经济全球化的因素有:
    1 the fall in the cost of communications and transportation,通讯和交通费用的降低;
    2 the increasing economies of scale,生产规模的扩大;
    3 the homogeneity of consumer tastes,顾客品味的趋于一致;
    4 the governments' efforts in pursuing trade liberalization,政府作出的贸易自由化努力等等。
    莫纳什大学经济学副教授特雷西补充说,multinational corporations,跨国公司的发展也是经济全球化的因素之一。
    First of all, by multinational enterprises I mean those firms that produce and market their products in two or more countries. Now those sort of companies dominate in the more capital intensive industries such as automobiles, consumer electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and so on.
    I see multinationals as one of the main agents through which globalization takes place. They certainly play a major role in the movement of capital world-wide. We see that foreign direct investment has been growing roughly three times as fast as total investment.
    Having said that, few firms are really truly global. Most firms still remain firmly rooted in their domestic economies, although the number of those truly global firms is certainly increasing.
    特雷西副教授的谈话中出现了这样一些词汇:
    1 multinational enterprises 跨国公司,多国企业
    2 dominate 支配,控制
    3 capital intensive industries 资本密集产业
    4 agent 中介,媒介
    5 movement of capital 资本流动
    下面我们分段听一遍特雷西副教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    跨国公司指的是在两个或两个以上国家生产和销售它们产品的公司。现在这类公司在资本密集产业中占了统治地位,如汽车、民用电子、化工和制药行业等等。
    我认为跨国公司是形成全球化进程的主要中介之一。它们在资本全球流动方面扮演着重要角色。我们看到外国直接投资的增长速度大约是总投资额增长速度的三倍。
    不过,尽管真正全球性公司的数目在不断增加,并没有多少公司是真正的全球性跨国公司。大多数的公司还都深深扎根于自己国家的经济中。
    我们现在把特雷西副教授的这段谈话再听一遍。(略)
    在结束这一讲之前我们再复习一遍遇到的一些词汇:
    1 economies of scale 规模经济
    2 homogeneity 同种,同一
    3 cater to the need of 迎合...的需要
    4 barrier 障碍
    5 trade liberalization 贸易自由化
    6 multinational enterprises 跨国公司,多国企业
    7 dominate 支配,控制
    8 capital intensive industries 资本密集产业
    9 agent 中介,动力
    10 movement of capital 资本流动


    ----------------------------------------------

    第二十讲 国基组织和世贸组织(一)
     
    在这一讲中我们要谈谈过去五十年中对稳定世界经济作出贡献的两个重要国际组织-国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织,以及其前身关税及贸易总协定的由来和发展。
     
    在这一讲中我们要谈谈过去五十年中对稳定世界经济作出贡献的两个重要国际组织 International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织和 World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织及其前身 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,简称 GATT,也就是关税及贸易总协定的由来和发展。
    巴里克拉克首先介绍了这两个国际组织诞生的历史背景:
    These institutions came into existence because policy makers in the United States and the United Kingdom, the dominant players in the post-World War II planning game, wanted to avoid a repeat of the mistakes made during the inter-war years.
    From an economic perspective, the period between the two world wars might best be described as an era of instability and collapse. The 1930s saw a drastic contraction of world trade, lower income and high unemployment.
    下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    这些机构的成立是由于美国和英国这两个在第二次世界大战后制定计划时占支配地位国家的领导人希望避免重复在两次大战之间那段时期犯的错误。
    从经济角度来看,第一次和第二次世界大战之间的那段时期可以说是动荡与崩溃的时期。在一九三十年代,世界贸易严重收缩,收入降低,失业增加。
    接下来我们完整听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(略)
    澳大利亚莫纳什大学的里查德斯纳普教授对当时的历史背景作了进一步的解释。他在谈话中使用了这样一些词组:
    1 international monetary system 国际货币秩序
    2 currency turmoil 货币动荡
    3 erecting trade barriers 设立贸易壁垒
    4 bilateralism 双边主义
    5 preference 优先,特惠
    6 contagious 可蔓延(传染)的
    斯纳普教授说:
    There were two or three main things: one of course was the collapse of the international monetary system with countries restricting payments abroad and access to foreign currencies - and so there was a great deal of currency turmoil. And then, with the onset of recession and depression in the world, you had countries erecting trade barriers, trying in fact to export unemployment, trying to stimulate demand for their own products by keeping imports out.
    And this was contagious, so that in the early 1930s, you had a very, very substantial decrease in international trade and, of course, with that, an increase in inefficiency, as countries were trying to do more and more themselves.
    You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis - that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source - you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.
    And so you had three aspects going on really: You had first of all a currency turmoil; you had, secondly, very substantially increasing trade barriers and associated with that and with the Depression greatly decreasing trade; thirdly you had a great deal of channeling of trade with preferred countries.
    下面我们分段听一遍斯纳普教授的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    主要有两或三个方面:其中之一当然是各国限制向海外付款和限制兑换外汇,使国际货币秩序崩溃,造成极大的货币动荡。然后随着世界经济衰退和萧条的开始,一些国家设立贸易壁垒,试图转嫁失业,并停止进口以刺激对本国产品的需求。
    各国互相仿效,结果在一九三十年代初国际贸大幅度缩减,同时无效率生产增加,因为各国都尝试自己来作更多的事。
    同时“双边主义”也大行其道,各国签订许多贸易协议,为某些特定国家提供贸易优惠,以此代替了在多边基础上进行的贸易,也就是同所有国家往来、购买最廉价产品的贸易。
    因此一共有三个方面的因素:一是货币动荡;二是贸易壁垒大量增加,再加上大萧条,贸易大幅度缩减;第三是大量通过优惠国渠道进行贸易。
    下面我们把斯纳普教授对国际货币基金组织成立时的历史背景的介绍再听一遍。(略)
    一九四四年七月,美国总统罗斯福邀请四十四个国家的代表团到美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林举行联合国货币及金融会议。也就是在这次会议上成立了两个新的国际组织:International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织和 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行,俗称 World Bank 世界银行。
    国际货币基金组织有这样三个主要的目标:
    One, the restoration of a multilateral system of payments, based on world wide convertibility of currencies; two, stability of exchange rates; and three, national independence in monetary and fiscal policies.
    国基组织的三个主要目标是:在全球范围货币可兑换的基础上重建多边付款秩序;稳定汇率;各国自主确定货币和财政政策。
    我们再听一遍这段英文。(略)
    巴里克拉克接下来谈了世界贸易组织前身“关税及贸易总协定”的诞生:
    At the time of Bretton Woods, the intention was to create an international trade organization paralleling the IMF. However, because currency stability and financial reconstruction were considered of greater urgency this did not eventuate.
    Indeed, it was not until three years later, in 1947, that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - better known by its acronym, the GATT - became the focus for trade negotiations.
    As a loose-knit organization, an agreement between contracting parties, the GATT differed organizationally from the IMF. It worked through what were termed, 'negotiating rounds' at which member countries agreed to tariff reductions.
    接下来我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    在举行布雷顿森林会议时,各国本打算建立一个与国际货币基金组织并存的国际贸易组织。但这并没有成为现实,因为稳定货币和重建金融体系被认为是当务之急。
    实际上,直到三年后的一九四七年,以它的英文缩写“GATT”更为知名的“关税及贸易总协定”才成为贸易谈判的焦点。
    作为一个松散的组织和一项各签约国达成的协议,它在组织结构上与国基组织不同。它是通过“谈判回合”来工作的。各成员国在谈判中就降低关税达成协议。
    我们再完整听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。(英文略)
    在这一讲的最后,我们再复习一下出现的一些英文词汇:
    1 international monetary system 国际货币秩序
    2 currency turmoil 货币动荡
    3 erecting trade barriers 设立贸易壁垒
    4 bilateralism 双边主义
    5 preference 优先,特惠
    6 contagious 可蔓延(传染)的
    7 loose-knit 松散的
    8 convertibility of currencies 货币的可兑换性



    ----------------------------------------------

    第二十一讲 国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织(二)
     
    这一讲中介绍的国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织为稳定世界经济秩序发挥了重要的作用,但是它们却无法解决战后国际经济出现的全部问题。
     
    这一讲中我们介绍了两个重要的国际组织:International Monetary Fund-国际货币基金组织和 World Trade Organization-世界贸易组织。
    这两个在二次大战期间和之后相继成立的国际组织为稳定世界经济秩序发挥了重要的作用。但是巴里克拉克说,战后的国际经济也有它的黑暗面:
    While the IMF and the GATT, created during and after World war II, were part of the explanation for trade expansion and income growth in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, there was a darker side to the post-war international economy.
    Problems began to develop with the international financial system, caused, in large part, by the failure of countries experiencing fundamental balance of payments problems to devalue or revalue their currencies.
    Also, the US dollars which had been in scarce supply in the 1940s became all too available in the 1960s, to the point at which the world was 'awash with dollars'. The dollar's value vis a vis other currencies was now being challenged.
    It was essentially this challenge to the core currency which led to the breakdown of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in the period 1971 to 1973.
    巴里克拉克在谈话中用了这样几个词:
    1 devalue 贬值
    2 revalue 调整币值
    3 vis-a-vis 相比
    4 awash with dollars 美元泛滥
    下面我们分段听一遍他的这段谈话和中文翻译:(英文略)
    尽管在二次大战期间和之后成立的国际货币基金组织及关贸总协定是二十世纪五十、六十及七十年代贸易扩展和收入增加的原因之一,战后的国际经济也有它更黑暗的一面。
    国际金融系统开始出现问题,大部分是由于那些国际收支平衡出现重大问题的国家没能将其货币贬值或或对币值作重新调整。
    另外,在四十年代供不应求的美元到了六十年代就变得供过于求,甚至到了美元在整个世界泛滥的地步。美元与其它货币的比值现在受到了挑战。
    正是这种对核心货币的挑战导致了布雷顿森林固定汇率制在1971到1973年的垮台。
    现在我们再听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话原文。(略)
    澳大利亚昆士兰大学经济系教授托尼梅金接下来谈了国际货币基金组织功能上的变化:
    The IMF basically had to reinvent itself with the breakdown of the Bretton Woods, for which it was established. In the 1970s and 80s it was seeking out a new rationale for its existence and , more recently, it's taken on a role more akin to the traditional role that it had, and that is to arrange funds for countries experiencing difficulties with the balance of payments and exchange rate.
    梅金教授说,随着使它诞生的布雷顿森林货币体制的崩溃,国际货币基金组织必需重新确立自己的地位。在一九七十和八十年代,它不断为自己的存在寻求新的依据。近些年它又扮演起更象它传统上曾扮演过的角色,也就是为在国际收支平衡和兑换率方面遇到困难的国家提供资金。
    But the nature of its activities now has changed quite significantly from what it used to be. It used to be the case that the IMF had to arrange funds to economies that could not sustain exchange rates at the given fixed levels, now its role is to provide funds to countries that have experienced currency crises, and economies experiencing liquidity problems.
    但是国际货币基金组织工作的性质与过去相比却有了巨大的变化。过去它需要为那些无法把货币比率维持在商定的固定水平的国家筹措资金。现在它需要为遭受货币危机或流动资产问题困扰的国家提供资金。
    It plays the part of a fire rescue team, if you like. There's been a firestorm in the financial markets of an economy and the IMF is akin to the fire brigade, they're coming along and they diagnose the situation and apply remedies.
    可以说国际货币基金组织扮演的是消防队的角色。某个国家的金融市场发生“火灾”,国基组织就如同消防队到现场对火情作出判断并加以抢救。
    梅金教授在谈话中使用了这样几个英语词汇:
    1 reinvent 彻底改造,重新确立
    2 rationale 合理性,依据
    3 akin 类似的
    4 liquidity 流动资产,清偿债务能力
    接下来我们再把澳大利亚昆士兰大学梅金教授的这段谈话连起来听一遍。(略)
    尽管国际货币基金组织不断遇到金融危机的国家伸出援手,在帮助这些国家渡过难关方面发挥积极的作用。但它采取的方式也受到一些经济学家的批评。美国密执安大学的克雷宁教授对国基组织在一九九十年代的亚洲金融危机中采取的行动就提出了看法。他说:
    IMF advice has been all too uniform across countries. In other words, countries vary a great deal. Some of them really should have a Keynesian expansionary type policy, rather than concretionary type policy, while the IMF always places the same kind of requirements on all countries. By the way, I get the feeling that this is changing, in othe